Validity and Reliability; Which is More Important in Today's High Research Paper

Validity and Reliability; Which is More Important in Today's High Stakes Testing - Research Paper Example While high-stakes testing may return similar outcomes in the tests of different students, which is an element of reliability, one might wonder whether it is reliability that America really needs. In this regard, it is necessary to examine the validity, where this paper proposes that validity is more important as far as this testing approach is concerned. Validity has been defined as the extent to which a test measures what it is meant to measure. If a test is valid, it measures exactly what it is meant to measure as purely as not to, by chance, influence any other factors. With validity, focus is not precisely on the scores measured, but on the inferences that one is able to deduce from the instruments. As such, the inferences made from a valid test are supposed to be â€Å"suitable, meaningful, and useful† (Lang & Wilkerson, 2008). This is the complex link that sheds clean light on the clear distinction between validity and reliability. In other words, as one would infer, it is possible for a testing instrument to measure something apart from the construct that it was supposed to measure, and do it reliably. On the other hand, a measure that is not reliable can never be said to be valid. In this light, reliability is quite necessary a measure, but it is quite inadequate in relation to validity – a valid instrument, therefore, has to be reliable, which a reliable instrument does not have to be valid. In testing, it is a common understanding that based on the aforementioned relationship, violations of validity are expected to have more severe impacts, as compared to reliability. One would, therefore, agree that validity is more complex and important an instrument that reliability and is less understood compared to the latter. In addition, it cannot be substantiated by any one statistic. Having mentioned that, it is important to discuss the important

Consumer law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Consumer law - Essay Example You must take it in the condition in which you found it. This statement by itself does not shield the seller from liability. Under section 6(2)(a) of the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977, as against a person dealing as consumer, liability for breach of the obligations arising from section 13, 14 or 15 of the 1979 Act (seller’s implied undertakings as to conformity of goods with description or sample, or as to their quality or fitness for a particular purpose); cannot be excluded or restricted by reference to any contract term. Dealing as a Consumer is defined under section 12 of the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977.1 An individual deals as a consumer when he neither makes the contract in the course of a business nor holds himself out as doing so the other party does make the contract in the course of a business. The second hand good was not bought in a public auction, and therefore the burden of proving that the purchase was not made as a consumer lies on the seller either because the seller did not sell in the course of business or the buyer did buy or held out to buy in the course of business. The mere fact that Andy had paid the purchase price from his business account does not lead to a conclusion that he was dealing in the course of business and not as a consumer. In fact, his intention was to use the car principally for shopping and collecting the children from school but he did expect occasionally to use it in his business for urgent collections and deliveries of materials. Under section 14(2A) of the 1979 Act, goods are of satisfactory quality if they meet the standard that a reasonable person would regard as satisfactory, taking account of any description of the goods, the price (if relevant) and all the other relevant circumstances. Furthermore, under section 14(2B), the quality of goods includes their state and condition and the following (among others) are in appropriate cases aspects of the quality of goods— The description of the

The impact of change on the travel and tourism sector

The impact of change on the travel and tourism sector Analyze the impacts of issues and trends that drive change in the travel and tourism sector Due to the current trends and issues causing change in the travel and tourism sector, the businesses have to adapt to the changes and redesign their products and services. Many changes brought by globalization, technology, world political changes, economics changes and people attitude towards tourism have reshaped the industry altogether. The impacts of these trends and changed can be described below in the context of a major tourism brands. Due to the ageing of the population tourism, businesses are bound to hire older workers. Young people are more qualified and not willing to join the industry due to poor working conditions. Older people are less mobile and more demanding which will have impacts on wage rates and other costs to maintain staff. Lifestyles of the people have changed and their attitude towards tourism services has changed a great deal. People are more demanding and more price conscious now. Firms must cut costs and their profits in order to survive in a more competitive environment now. Technology have helped businesses cut down costs as it has enabled management to manage their resources efficiently and have reduced spare capacity. The increased use of telephone, 3G mobile and internet has helped consumers to access information regarding prices and value for money. This has resulted in a more intense competition. Hotels are responding to the situation by recruiting staff that have skills in information and communication technology. Outsourcing is a key phenomenon in the modern tourism industry. Different products esp. food is obtained from other producers and it’s hard to explain the origin of the food to consumers plus it puts an extra push on the costs involved. Globalization has not only benefited the tourism industry in terms of more revenue and clients but it has also been a sole reason for cheap skilled labor. Skilled labor from poorer regions can be attracted to the industry at relatively cheaper rates which would result in lower employment cost for hotels and catering industry. Globalization also provides this wonderful opportunity to exploit economies of scale. Globalization can cause homogenization in services which might not be good from the customer’s perspective but brand names do ensure higher product quality. Skills gap in the industry is adversely affecting the quality of services. Firms are in a position to charge prices of their own choice in such circumstances. However companies are finding a solution to the issue by providing on-job trainings or paying handsome wages to skillful workers and thus attracting more customers. However the wage rates are mostly affected by the local economic and industrial condition and educational level of the locality as well. Hotel industry is greatly affected by the changes in law as well over the last few years. There is a strong emphasis on working time regulations, minimum wage laws and other working conditions regulations. Laws banning smoking in public places and restaurants etc. are also have impacts in the tourism business. Hotels are now seeking cost effective labor and are more into application of technology. Government and other regulatory authorities are putting more and more pressure on catering firms now to take great care of hygiene and other food related issues. Greater awareness among the consumers related to diet and health have forced the catering businesses and restaurants to reduce the use of sugar and salt in their food. Due to the increased number of obesity cases, consumers are more conscious about the fats and calories rather than just taste. Customers want to know about the origin of the food as well. There is increased food labeling and more information is provided and displayed for the customers regarding the food and its ingredients. There is a great demand for food to be produced in a socially responsible way and this is helping in promoting good practices in the industry. The tourism industry faced a serious setback after the incident of 9/11. The US war on terror and the Iraq war changed the entire industry all together. Many incident s of attacks on tourists, kidnapping for ransom and other political gains were witnessed which created a sense of insecurity among the tourists. Many countries and regions were declared unsafe for tourists. Apart from US, many other cities in Europe and UK were also the victims of terrorism. Madrid and the London bombing somehow created this perception among the tourists that EU member states were the targets of the terrorists. The impact of this is likely to be long term as it will take a long time to restore the confidence of the tourists. Due to this lack of confidence the tourism industry has lost a lot of business and there is a serious decline in investment in this sector. Working conditions have deteriorated and level of employment is showing a downward trend. 4.2 Discuss the likely consequences of businesses failing to respond to market changes Many different businesses are facing many changes in the market. Such changes are economic, social, political and behavioral changes. Tourism industry is not an exception either. Over the last couple of decades the tourism industry has seen a tremendous amount of change and companies are always advised to adapt to these changes. Appropriate strategy and planning can make a company successful and make these changes as an opportunity rather than a threat. However, companies which are not being able to respond to these are likely to face many different failures and problems which are described below. Loss in Sales Revenues Companies which are unable to respond to changes in the market, they are most likely to lose customers and revenues. Due to increased competition and market forces, tourism businesses are bound to charge a low price and earn little profit margin so any failure to adapt to market changes are most likely to cause losses financially. Technology can save a great deal in this regard. Technology not only helps the industry to market their products but also helps in the reduction of labor costs. Different computer applications have made it possible to access and receive information and help in decision making process. A company is most likely to suffer a great deal if it’s unable to adapt to these technological changes. Loss of Competitive Edge As a famous saying goes â€Å"competition improves services†. Tourism industry is facing a strict competition and different businesses related to the industry are bound to cut down costs and still provide best quality services. By the proper change management strategy, businesses can obtain competitive edge over other competitors. The proper use of technology, hiring the skilled labor and other value added services can not only attract more customers but also be a cause of more market share. Failure to adapt to these trends and changes can be a reason of loss of competitive edge. Loss of Goodwill A business is most likely to damage its reputation in case of failure to adapt to changes and recent trends. A tourism business unable to provide valued services to its customers at reasonable price is surely going to lose its customers. Recent trends have shown that customers are most into green products and the hotels and catering industry are affected by this change a great deal. Hotels are expected to operate in an environment friendly manner and promote green practices. However if the businesses are unable to adapt to this, they are going to lose face in this changing market. Regulatory Issues Hotels, restaurants and catering businesses are bound to provide information regarding its products due to increased awareness among customers regarding food and its contents. Products labeling esp. in case of the catering industry has changed a great deal due to this trend. On the other hand there are now more regulations and laws related to the food industry. Use of some chemicals and other ingredients in the food products are banned. Smoking in restaurants and public places is not allowed. Similarly food businesses are properly inspected and regulated now. If restaurants and catering businesses do not take into account all these factors they might be facing some serious regulatory actions in many cases. There are some cases recently where the customers have sued the hotels and restaurants for food related issues. Government regulatory authorities also keep a check on this industry so any negligence in this aspect can be a cause of some serious consequences as well. Growth Issues A company will not be able to grow and expand its business if it is unable to adapt to changes and trends. Tourism businesses must hire human resource with good knowledge of the technology and customers service needs. Use of the technology and skillful labor helps in cutting down costs. Companies in tourism industry must also work in an environment social friendly manner because consumers are more aware and conscious now regarding environmental and social issues. They prefer to go for green products and thus can provide a competitive edge to the business. Failure to adapt to these changes and trends will result in decline in the revenue and thus growth will not be possible. References: http://www.tourismandmore.com/tidbits/confronting-change-in-the-tourism-industry/ http://www.tourismandmore.com/tidbits/why-tourism-industries-fail-part-1/

Free College Essays - Symbols of Her Crime in Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter :: Scarlet Letter essays

The Scarlet Letter - Two Symbols of Her Crime â€Å"It lies not in the pleasure of the magistrates to take off this badge,† calmly replied Hester. â€Å"Were I worthy to be quit of it, it would fall away of its own nature, or be transformed into something that should speak a different purport.† (163) Hester Prynne, the central character in the Scarlet Letter, realizes and accepts the consequences of the adulterous act she committed against her husband, Roger Chillingworth, as Hawthorne shows in this quotation. Hester, throughout the book, excludes and humbles herself because of her crime, rather than simply running away. At the same time, she advertises her sin through the brilliantly embroidered â€Å"A† and through her daughter, Pearl, born out of this sin. Hester realizes that she indeed sinned in committing adultery, and, being the strong individual that she is, accepts the consequences of her actions. In fact, much of the suffering incurred from Hester’s sin results from her own actions. She, by her own choice, wears humble, dismal clothes; she moves to the outskirts of her town, but refuses to run away to a place where no one knows of her crime; she excludes herself from society, while society does not always exclude her. Instead of escaping her crime, Hester embraces it. She declares, â€Å"It lies not in the pleasure of the magistrates to take off this badge... Were I worthy to be quit of it, it would fall away of its own nature, or be transformed into something that should speak a different purport,† realizing the crime she committed and the fairness of her punishment—the scarlet letter (163). Hester goes so far as to dwell upon the letter as a symbol of her guilt. The brilliant crimson â€Å"A† resides on her humbly clothed chest, making the letter stand out all the more; Pearl, the child of sin, runs beside her mother, dressed in spectacular clothing â€Å"abundantly embroidered with fantasies and flourishes of gold thread,† in effect, personifying that same symbol (102). In each case, Hester advertises the fact that she has sinned and that she is paying for her crime, again bring more suffering upon herself. And again, she accepts it. She realizes the letter should only be removed when she is no longer guilty of her crime. She knows, therefore, that day will never come. Society, however, thinks differently.

The Culling – Creative Writing

‘Dear God†¦' the mayor screamed, as he crawled out from under his desk and pulled open the draw to reveal a steel dagger point, ‘†¦forgive me,' he cried as he charged at the beast's stomach. The only spectator, a smartly dressed Indian who sat like a statue in the shadows at the back of the hall. The hideous beast knocked the weapon from his attacker's hand and leapt onto the mayor's back. Though well built, the mayor's struggles were no match for the beast, and he soon crashed to the floor under the immense weight. ‘I had a wife and child,' He begged for mercy as the snarling beast rammed his face into the blood-smeared floor, snapping his jaw in two. ‘So did my father, sir.' The Indian reminded the dying man, still there at the back of the hall but with a voice that boomed. ‘But†¦' the mayor begged for help from the Indian one last time, though his plea was unheard mainly because of the fact the mayor had a mouthful of blood and broken teeth. The mayor stared at the severed head of a pretty young female; whose body still sat upright over in the line of chairs. Mirrored in her eyes he could see the destruction of all those who he had known. The pretty girl had been the first to die, and he would be the last. Something punctured the side of the mayor's neck; he felt like he was drowning as his lungs filled with blood. He was left to watch the girl's face sink into blackness as his light was snuffed out in the bloodiest of ways. The Indian sat emotionless, his white suit unmarked despite the destruction which had unfolded in front of him. He watched the beast play with the dead mayor like a rag doll, and listened to its screams of pleasure, he had watched the carnage without any remorse. These people had driven his ancestors off their land and murdered his family, this was the only way in which their souls would be put at rest. When the beast ripped out the still warm heart of the Mayors did he allow a smile of satisfaction, then a command for the organ to be crushed. From his pocket, the Indian pulled out a charm which was small, black, and made from some sort of stone it was also in the rough shape of the beast itself. ‘Fugue Santen†¦' He began to chant in his ancient tongue, the beast stood still. The Indian rose from his chair and made his way through the bodies towards the beast. ‘Lasa imenzes†¦' his voice filled the hall as he worked the ancient magic with his chants. He held the amulet in front of him, staring up into the eyes of the beast, which then turned to walk toward the Indian, towering head and shoulders above the Indian, unable to avoid the Indians hypnotic stare. The Indian had finished his spell. The town hall was silent once again but suddenly, a blinding flash of the most immense light came from the charm the indian had in his hand. The light blinded the beast with its beauty. The beast raised its arms in front of its face in defence, and then slowly the beast dropped onto its knees and began to walk on all fours back toward the wooden carving from which it had sprung to life. The Indian sighed and knew he had to work fast to collect the souls of his victims, which hovered in the attic above him. Until the last soul had been captured the Indians quest for vengeance would not be over. He left the mayors soul till last for the Mayor had been his main target. The Mayor had been the instrument of the death from which the order for his family's death had come. The charm warm in his palm, soon grew uncomfortably hot as he used its powers to collect the souls of his victims, he needed to avenge his family who had been murdered by the hand of the settlers less than half a century ago. So called men of God, who had slain his family and left him to starve in the mountains. He would have starved, had it not been for the witch who had found him and looked after him as her own, while also teaching him the ancient native Indian magic needed to avenge his family's death. Now the act of revenge was complete, the Indian had no purpose in life, his goal had been accomplished. The Indian knelt down on the steps leading up to the town hall, pulled out the sacrificial knife which his ancestors had once used and gave up his life in the hope he would once again be reunited with the souls of his ancestors. As the Indians blood dripped down the steps, his spirit soared as it was reunited with his brothers and sisters. Earlier†¦ The Mayor waited for quiet, noting the next number on the item list. As the labourer wheeled the small wooden crate into the crowded village hall the crowd fell silent. â€Å"the vengeful guardian.† he introduced the item to the bidders as the man opened the hinged crate to reveal the impressive carving within. ‘A fine example of a early Native American Indian carvings.' The Mayor paused to read the description of the item; ‘Hand carved from forest Cedar.' An amused look came upon the mayors face, ‘I wouldn't want to wake him with insults, so we'll start the bidding at five hundred dollars. Do I see five hundred and ten?' the mayor asked, he scanned the faces of the townsfolk, their eyes still fixed on the carving. The Mayor noticed that a crack had appeared on the carving it ran straight down the middle. Suddenly a beam shot out of the crack, splitting the carving straight in two. Women began to scream people ran for the exits, but the doors were locked. Meanwhile, at the back of the hall an Indian man in a suit finished his pipe, then quietly moved in to the shadows behind him. His whispered chants going unnoticed as he began to rub at an object inside his jacket pocket. The first victim of the beast was the girl nearest, a beautiful young girl. She was in shock unable to move as the beast swung its razor sharp claws and severed the girl's head in one deadly accurate blow. The Indian was amused when watching the townsfolk and their feeble efforts to escape their inevitable doom†¦

American National Standards Institute

In every database project, there would always be requirements for the implementation of its data model. For it to work well and test its functionality, a data value might be needed. This data value will assume a value that is unknown. In relational databases, SQL server uses a placeholder called NULL that resembles unknowns. NULL sets parameters so some data modelers can avoid using it. However, just like any other technology, complications would always arise. One of these is an argument whether it’s good to use NULL or not.NULL is a condition, apart from being unknown (Poolet, 2006). However, along with its many uses are issues supported by some books that suggest minimization of using NULL. There are also a few authors who came to a point of telling to never declare a column NULL. According to them, declaring a column null would mean minor additional overhead on SQL server. Also, you must see to it that you have accounted for the NULL condition in any program that will gain access to the database most especially to those programming languages that would flag null as an error condition.The issues, however, do not necessarily suggest to avoid the use of NULL. In the first place, NULL values are created for purpose. It expresses an unknown condition that is valid. The American National Standards Institute, the provider of standardization system in USA, is supporting the use of NULL instead of empty strings. Thus, the use of NULL is just a matter of choice. References Poolet, M. A. (2006, May) Designing for Performance: Null or Not Null? SQL Server Magazine, pg. 31 American National Standards Institute The American National Standards Institute is an organization that is instrumental in evaluating conformance in relation to customary setups. Their management systems related to standardization are reflected in their environmental parameters in ISO 14000 and quality based parameters such as ISO 9000. In general terms the mission of ANSI can be enumerated as an operation that is constructed to enhance the basic competitiveness of both national and global business.This helps to maintain the integrity of the US business in a voluntary consensus manner that ultimately projects the face of the US to the world as this depicts the quality of life in the United States. (Lamb, 243) It could be mentioned in this context that the system of voluntary standard and the ANSI is a very dynamic process. The initial need of this organization can be traced back to 1911 when industrial conflicts in relation to waste and duplications became a major issue.During this period in 1916 five major bodies of Ame rica came together to form a common nation body that was to look after and coordinate the standardization process. These eminent bodies are ASTM or the American Society for Testing Materials, AIMME or the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, ASCE or the American Society of Civil Engineers, ASME or the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and the most important of all the American Institute of Electrical Engineers. They together formed a core unit to overlook the process but soon enough the need of a separate unit or organization became obvious.Thus the AESE or the American Engineering Standards Committee was founded within the next two tears. Later this organization was redesigned and named ANSI or the American National Standards Institute. (Kar, 147) It should be remembered that the ANSI is also affiliated with the ISO or International Organization for Standardization where it represents the US officially. It is also affiliated with the IEC or the Internati onal Electrotechnical Commission. However, this affiliation is made via the National Committee of the United States.Furthermore, the American National Standards Institute is also the member of the IAF or the much important International Accreditation Forum. In the regional sector ANSI is an active member of the PASC or the Pacific Area Standards Congress and it represents the United States and also hold an important portfolio as a member in the COPANT or the Pan American Standards Commission. It is a very important part of the PAC or the Pacific Accreditation Cooperation too and is extremely instrumental in the decision making machineries of the IAAC or Inter American Accreditation Cooperation.However, it should be mentioned that the activities of ANSI in this sector is mostly done via ANAB or the ANSI-ASQ National Accreditation Board. (Kar, 148) The standardization process of the ANSI follows a strict mode of hallmark. Firstly, agreement by an assembly of eminent position holders a re taken into consideration who are granted as able representatives of interested bodies and those who are affected materially. Secondly, draft standards are prepared based on comments and public review that is predominantly broad based.Thirdly, the voting members evaluate and analyze the topic in concern and then after thorough consideration the response is taken into account. The fourth phase starts with the process of incorporation of the changes agreed upon in relation to the requirements of the consensus and in accordance to the standard of the initial draft. The fifth and the last phase deal with the process of development of standard where appeal could be put forward in relation to review of the entire process, if necessary. (Lamb, 245)In conclusion it should be mentioned that the ANSI was founded on 19th October, 1918 and holds a legal status that indicates it belongs to non profit institution and private firm under 501(c) 3. (King, 30)The head office of ANSI is situated in Washington, DC. The present Chairman of ANSI is Robert W. Noth and the president is Joe Bhatia. (King, 28) According to the current profile of ANSI the organization has a total workforce of more than 85 full time employees and the annual budget of the organization is about $22 million.(King, 29) The organization runs on membership and its members are individuals, International bodies, academic bodies, Companies, Organizations and most of all Government agencies. At present date the ANSI is the representative of about 4 million professionals and 125000 companies. (King, 27) References: Kar, P; History of Technology and related applications. (Kolkata: Dasgupta & Chatterjee 2001) pp 147-8 King, H; The ANSI Today. (Chennai: HBT & Brooks Ltd. 2006) pp 27-30 Lamb, Davis; Cult to Culture: The Development of Civilization on the Strategic Strata. (Delhi: National Book Trust. 2004) pp 243-245

Human Resource Management in Business Context Essays

Human Resource Management in Business Context Essays Human Resource Management in Business Context Essay Human Resource Management in Business Context Essay â€Å"Performance bonuses offer a win-win gain to both organisations and employees. Discuss, making reference to both theory and case examples† Introduction Is performance related pay (PRP) really a motivator for employees and is it an effective way for organisations to gain and retain high performing staff. This is questionable especially as organisations differ in size, organisational culture (therefore differing needs), the ability and/or resources to manage an effective process to support PRP. This study will explore whether performance bonuses offer a win-win for both the organisation and the employees, using primarily the public sector, with reference to the private sector. â€Å"PRP was the ‘big idea’ of the1980s, embraced enthusiastically by many employers as the holy grail of driving high performance† as stated by CIPD (2010). Today it is seen as more than just a tool to drive performance; organisations are using PRP to link individual performance to business objectives and gain commitment. Strategic Alignment Business strategy is a key driver for organisations in the private sector as it provides them with competitive advantage, therefore they have the need to retain and motivate employees to perform against their objectives. The public sector, on the other hand, has the need to align staff commitment to deliver local government agendas. In order for the business strategy to be effective employers need to ensure that employees are committed and motivated to achieving the organisation goals, but as we can see these goals can vary depending on the sector and more so, on what the organisation is trying to achieve. So organisations need to identify a pay strategy, which helps them to align the objectives with their employees. The question is, does PRP work for both sectors in motivating employees? In the private sector the pay determination is generally determined by management with the notion that if individuals perform well against their KPI’s (key performance indicators) they will be rewarded with a bonus based on the market worth and the success of the business. However the public sector, in many cases, still remains to have a pre-determined pay structure with incremental pay progression and grading systems as shown in the example for Slough Borough Council in appendix 1. Old pay and new pay are concepts that are used to distinguish between contemporary and traditional reward systems (Gilmore pg 171). The local authority, Slough Borough Council use the old pay system. Graded pay is not particular motivating as everyone gets it and the incremental increase is not of a substantial amount to gain higher performance from staff. Therefore, the question has to be asked, whether it would be beneficial for the public sector to introduce PRP? Richard Crouch, head of HR and organisational development at Somerset County Council, warned performance-related pay could encourage the pay bill to creep up in the long-term and there would be a substantial cost in administering and applying performance-related pay in the public sector to reduce its subjectivity because government work would not be easy to measure (Barker, 2010:1). This highlights a number of issues particularly the fact with spending cuts becoming an ever-increasing need, this sector cannot afford to implement PRP. Furthermore, a pay strategy including PRP would push staff to work towards targets rather than focusing on providing a good public service, which is primarily the objective of the public sector. Although financial rewards in this setting could help employees to work more effectively rather than to work harder, by encouraging employees to focus on key objectives, lets face it, if people were primarily interested in financial rewards they would not have joined this sector. Making a difference to other peoples lives and the surrounding environment is more important. Additional, it would be very difficult to measure performance; for example, ways of measuring the service a teacher or a nurse provides are very difficult in comparison to that of someone who has set, clear deliverable targets such as achieving sales, gaining new business or increasing footfall. Intangible services are much harder to quantify. Performance Management Cycle Key performance indicators (KPIs) are formed as part of the performance and appraisal process to measure the output of an individual. The performance appraisal allows a comparison to be made of the actual performance against expected performance (KPIs), which is linked to feedback and whether the individual has warranted a reward. However, there are many potential problems with the performance appraisal system. The process can become a bureaucratic process with managers seeing it as a tick-box exercise to be completed once a year. There could be a lack of understanding of the objectives by the employee, or the organisation may not have a clear strategy and furthermore the process is subjective and open to human bias. It is also very difficult to quantify individual performance such as intangible elements, as mentioned earlier. So it could be argued that the process is not very transparent. To overcome this, Beer et al. introduced the Harvard Model (Gilmore. S, 2009, p. 9) which takes into account a wider range of stakeholders interests to provide an input into the appraisal process which allows the reduction of a bias opinion of just one person. It is stated as reduction, as the process is still subjective and open to a range of perceptual errors although reduced by the way of taking into account feedback from a number of people. The model also considers the situational factors of the organisation allowing better choices to be made when establishing the appropriate reward system, which will inevitable impact on the level of commitment achieved. Is it Fair? There are a number of elements of the performance appraisal that could be argued to be unfair, for example, the relationship an individual has with he manager who measures performance could be seen to be advantageous for some individuals, such as colleagues who have worked together for a number of years and could in fact de-motivate other individuals who don’t have the benefit of this relationship. Therefore, can human bias be taken out of this equation? Ultimately the relationship between a manager and employee comes down to trust, whether the employee believes the y will be treated fairly against other individuals regardless of developed relationships. It has also been suggested that PRP may discriminate unfairly against women, as primarily, it is male managers that measure performance, therefore they tend to reward performance characterized by male values (Gilmore. S, 2009, p. 183) creating a pay gap between men and women. Total Rewards There is more to keeping a workforce motivated and committed than just PRP. It is clear that it is more than just financial reward that influences the behaviour of employees in the public sector. Employees are looking for other benefits such as flexible working, contributing to a work-life balance are seen to hold value over having a high-powered career that pays well especially in the public sector. Aspects such as the work an individual is involved in provides them with a greater reward and satisfaction than financial benefits, for example a social worker or a nurse will ultimately find the reward in helping others. Total reward is the term that has been adopted to describe a reward strategy that brings additional components such as learning and development, together with aspects of the working environment (CIPD 2009). It addresses the fact that there are intangible benefits, which are intrinsic to individuals that do not have such a direct financial impact on the organisation as financial benefits do. For example, Slough Borough Council have a grapevine newsletter in which recognition of an employee’s contribution in various departments have been highlighted, personal recognition can contribute to the overall performance of an individual providing the sense of feeling valued in what they do. Access to training and development and further opportunities of career development can be a prime consideration for employees when looking for an employer. The total reward concept for an employer means they are able to attract and retain talent, and commitment through understanding the intangible and tangible needs of the person. For the public sector, as financial rewards become more scars the benefits of the total reward system will become evermore important in retaining commitment, loyalty and experience, attracting employees to stay within the sector over the longer term. Is There a Perfect Solution? This discussion has bought to the forefront that implementing a high commitment HRM will not necessary work, nor provide any financial benefit in the public sector. This has identified that an approach of PRP commonly used on the private sector may not be the best fit for the public sector as there is a need to take into account the situation in which the organisation is operating in, the size of the organisation and the success in terms of profitably as this will effect whether there are the financial resources to implement a high commitment HRM. What may work for one company may not work for another. Contingency theory suggests that the business context is crucial in determining reward strategies, and a number of factors are influential (Gilmore. S, 2009, p. 84). How the public sector align their business strategy with their HRM strategy will largely be reflected by current circumstances effecting the sector, such as cost cutting, restructuring, and the shift from a public sector job no longer being seen as a job for life. Therefore the management of a rewards strategy will need to recognise that what is currently seen as a motivator for examp le job security, will change. What drives the success of a reward strategy is that it is closely aligned with continual changes not only within the organisation but also those of the individuals. Conclusion In conclusion, it is recognised that there is no one solution that will suit all organisation. It would be seen that the best fit pay system with the organisation goals and sector would need to be established taking into account factors effecting the environment of the organisation and how equipped it is to providing PRP. This will ultimately affect and underpin the benefit that is received of PRP to both the employee and the employer. Word count: 1680 Reference: 1. CIPD (2010), Performance Related Pay [Online] Available at: cipd. co. uk/subjects/perfmangmt/perfrelpay/prefrelpay. tm [Accessed: 24 October 2010]. 2. Michael Holden (2007), Performance Reviews a ‘Waste of Time’ News. com. au P. 1 [Online] Available at: news. com. au/business/business-smarts/reviews-are-a-waste-of-time/story-e6frfm9r-1111115035598 [Accessed: 20 October 2010]. 3. M W Gilman (1998) Performance Related Pay in the UK, EIROline P. 1 [Online] Available at: eurofound. europa. eu/eiro/1998/03/feat ure/uk9803107f. htm [Accessed: 24 October 2010]. 4. Baker, K (2010) Performance-related pay for the public sector rejected by Personnel Todays Austerity Panel, Personnel Today P. [Online] Available at: personneltoday. com/articles/2010/06/17/55987/performance-related-pay-for-the-public-sector-rejected-by-personnel-todays-austerity. html [Accessed: 20 October 2010]. 5. CIPD (2009) Total Reward [Online] Available at: cipd. co. uk/subjects/pay/general/totrewdqf. htm [Accessed: 24 October 2010]. 6. Marchington, M. Wilkinson, A. (2008) Human Resource Management at Work, London: CIPD 7. Gilmore, S. Williams, S. (2009) Human Resource Management, United States: Oxford University Press Inc

buy custom How Children Develop their Intelligence essay

buy custom How Children Develop their Intelligence essay The most significant part of a childs life in terms of his or her development and health are the early years in his life. Healthy development implies that children of all capabilities including the ones with exceptional health care requirements are able to grow up in an environment that will ensure the meeting of their needs. This is concerning their emotional, social, and educational needs. This goal of meeting these needs can be by providing a loving and safe home and spending quality time with family singing, reading, playing, and talking are remarkably vital. In addition, proper exercise, nutrition, and the rest are necessary. Different skills like smiling for the first time, taking a first step, and waving are initial indicators of development. Different children develop at their own pace, so it is not easy to determine when a child will learn a specific skill. Intelligence refers to the capacity to understand with trying or new situations. It is the ability to apply knowledge t o manage ones environment. This paper seeks to establish how children develop their intelligence in the first five years of life. The paper will start by examining what constitutes intelligence in children of the age one to five years. This will form the foundation of the discussion as the context of intelligence varies. Next, the literature analyses ways through which intelligence development takes place especially in relation to emotional and social intelligence. These methods will vary from the home environment to the school environment as the children between 1-5 years spend most of their time in the two areas. The next part will deal with other ways in which intelligence development takes place such as the diet, games, and many more. The last section will tackle the recommendations from various aspects that promote or help the intelligence development of a child between the ages of one to five years. Discussion The development of children involves different stages that see the advancement of all aspects of a childs life. These aspects include physical, emotional, social, and psychological and intelligence. In this paper, we are going to focus on the advancement of the intelligence aspect of children between the years of one to five. Focusing on the intelligence development, the paper will look at ways that children develop intelligence, the activating and supporting skills and the roles adults play in this development. A major finding in this paper is that children living in more stressful homes are likely to have delays in intelligence development as compared to those who stay in comfortable and peaceful homes. Stressful homes comprise of dysfunctional homes, families living in poverty, violent neighbourhoods, alcoholic and mentally unstable parents. Delays in intelligence development will have long-term impacts on the childs school completion, teen pregnancy, substance abuse, employment, and criminal behaviour. Intelligence in children is an abstract idea whose meaning keeps on changing and in most cases relies on the present values as much as scientific ideas. In general, intelligence in children refers to the different capabilities, which includes the ability to plan, reason, understand difficult ideas, solve problem, think abstractly, learn from experience, and learn quickly the ability to do these things. In the twentieth century, several theories concerning intelligence came up leading to the debate concerning the type of intelligence and what determines it came to place. Intelligence in children is a by-product of several characters like visual-spatial, cognitive, musical, logical, inter-personal, mathematical, intra-personal, kinesthetic, personal, and societal. All these aspects involve brain development that is an extraordinarily complex process. At birth brain, development is exceedingly rudimentary as neurons in the brain grow. At three years old the number synapses in the brain of a child are more than those of an adult. As the child grows, the number of synapses decreases and as an adult, the number of synapses is three. What best facilitates the development of intelligence in a child is their experiences, maturity, and heredity. The amount of positive stimulation involves responsive forms of play, discovery, affection, and language interactions. In cases where these positive stimulations lack, childrens brain and behavioural development fails to progress. Intelligence development relies mostly on how the brain of the child develops. Several findings are necessary for this subject, and most researchers have come up with the opinion that there is a larger scope for shaping, and forming of the brain in the early years of a childs life. In spite of the multifarious interrelationship among genes in the development of the brain, such interconnections do not maximally explain how the brain develops. Researches explain that from delivery of a baby to about the age of twelve years, the brain takes in sensory experience from the childs environment and goes on to reshape itself to accommodate the experiences it accumulates. We now focus on what happens between the ages of one year to five years in a childs life. When it comes to intelligence, the lives of toddlers generally involve experimenting with and exploring the surrounding environment. At this stage, the major source of learning is the toddlers family. Here, the babies can recall familiar objects, react to unfamiliar persons or objects. They can also realize their names and permanent objects. At three years of age, the toddler starts sorting and grouping similar objects by their shape, function, and appearance. They also begin to know how some things operate, and their memory improves quickly. They can search and locate hidden items or those that have been moved to another place. Toddlers should be able to know contrasting ideas like small and large, closed and opened, outside and inside, and less and more. In relation to time, toddlers develop an elementary knowledge of regular activities like bedtime and mealtime. At age three, children are commonly referred to as preschoolers, and they are able to say short sentences, tell simple stories, curious to understand their environment, and respond to questions. At four years of age, children are able to use complete sentences, ask questions, and know to generalize. Their imagination is exceptionally high, dramatic and doodles recognizable basic objects. Basic concepts like numbers, size, days of the week, and time need to be understandable to the preschoolers. Their attention span is of at least 20 minutes, and they are still differencing between fantasy and reality. At age five, the children have better vocabulary, tell long stories, carry out instructions, count to ten, know colors, differentiate between fiction and fact and their surrounding, community and neighborhood excite them. The above intelligent developments come about because of various reasons and stimulations. The principal factor that influences childrens intelligence development is the relationship between the child and the people around her. These persons include the parents, peers, and caretakers. We begin with emotional and social intelligence of a child, which children of this age group significantly display. Emotions are part of a childs life and can be happiness, frustrations, sadness, weeping, laughter, and anger. In children emotions, help them to organize, recall, gather, prioritize, remember, and process varied kinds of information that is necessary for their intelligence development. Emotional and social intelligence compriss of a set of mental abilities in which the child perceive, appraise and express emotions, use the motions to stimulate thinking and know the cause and consequences of emotions. Emotional intelligence involves the child being able to regulate self-emotions. Young chil dren show useful emotions, regulate their own emotions and others, knowledge of emotions where essential and this adds up to their pre-academic and social adjustment. Young children between the age of one to five use emotional communication to pass clear non-verbal information about relationships and social situations. This can be by stamping feet and hugging among others. Parents play a significant role in the development of emotional intelligence in children. This is by expressive parents giving their children information about the type of emotions- their expression and more personalized causes. Staying in an attaching environment improves childrens expression and experience of specific emotions. By providing positive and loving environment parents help in the development of the emotional intelligence (Denham, Bailey Zinsser, 2011). The parents reaction to a childs expression of emotion is another way of development of the emotional intelligence. Giving direct instructions to the young ones acts as a considerable socialization tool that helps this development in children. When a two-year-old child smiles at the parent or caretaker, it is necessary that the response is positive so that the child can be able to grow emotionally. In a situation where a child exhibits negative emotions especially to those around him or her, the parent needs to reprimand and contain the child in order to avoid the development such emotions. An early interaction of the young children with their parents develops their social and emotional intelligence. This relationship lays the basis on the founding of peer relationships and social competency. Positive interactions involve showing consideration for their desires, feelings, needs, and showing interest in the daily undertakings. Respecting the childs viewpoint, which he or she will express through emotions and being proud of their achievements will develop the childs intelligence. This is because if the child receives positive appraisal he or she will get the motivation to repeat the meritorious deed and repetition will develop intelligence. This intimate relationship is necessary for the preschoolers of the ages one to three years so that they can develop early emotional competence, be ready for school and avoid chances of them displaying negative behavior at school or home. Several preschool programs have their attention on parenting education and parent involvement (Boy d, Barnett Leong, 2005). Another way in which a childs emotional and social intelligence develops is through the creation of opportunities. This best applies within a childs early childhood education settings. This method of creation of opportunities best applies to the school-going children from whose age varies from three to five years . For instance, the preschoolers PATH program educates children concerning emotion knowledge, expression, and regulation. Programs that are more educational are in place specifically for help in beginners classrooms to assist young children to develop their emotional intelligence. In the school, there are caregivers and early childhood teachers who play the same role as parents in developing social and emotional development in the childrens life. At this tender level, the children need individual attention in the classroom setting so as there can be a close relationship between the two parties. To achieve this management of the kindergarten need to avoid high staff turnover. Intelligence in children develops through their interactions with peers. Emotionally stable children of the age 1-5 years engage in healthy play behaviors, create mutual friendships and are likely to be recognized by their peers. Through these plays, the children develop their intelligence by learning teamwork and cooperation. The interactions and behaviors children will show at this point will affect the way in which their teachers and peers will perceive and treat them. Intelligence of children starts as early preschool and the interactions they have will have a permanent effect their academic achievement as the positive associations results to increased eagerness to participate in classroom activities. Engaging in classroom activities will result to better levels of achievements in academics. Researches indicate that early rejection by their peers makes the children develop social and academic difficulties in elementary school. For this reason, it is necessary to have trained pres chool teachers who can help children who are finding it hard to associate and interact with their peers. The teachers should teach the children how to resolve conflicts, respond to the emotions of others, and regulate their emotions. Children develop intelligence through going through positive preschool environment. When a child begins school at the age of three years, it is indispensable as a parent to provide a school with a positive environment to boost the development of the childs intelligence. High-quality kindergartens constructively affect social-emotional growth. Several studies indicate that quality preschool brings into being long-term benefits in terms of advanced classroom behavior and social adjustment. Positive preschool reduces future crime and delinquency traits in children. High intelligence development from preschool leads to children being able to graduate from high school and continue with higher education. The prominent programs that provide high quality center based preschool education services vary in some way or another, but, they mostly focus on 3 to 5 years. Family risk factors affect the intelligence development of many if not all children in the beginning times of their life. The family risk factors have an impact on the childrens presentation both in future life and school. First, family risk factors can be affairs between economic, community and home factors young children experience as they grow up. The early environment of a child constitutes several factors that will have an impact on his or her intelligence development. These factors revolve around issues like the familys educational, emotional, economic, social, parenting possessions and practices. The effects of the above issues on a childs intelligence can be seen later in life in the childs health, educational achievement, employment outcomes, and social adjustment. Poverty is one of the risk factors that will have an impact on a childs intelligence development. Children from poverty-stricken families experience delayed intelligence development because there are chances of child maltreatment, reduced parent-child interaction, and inconsistent discipline cases. Families with low income tend have stress and this causes problems to the children. Poverty implies that most things in the family will have a negative impact because of low incomes. For example, a poverty-stricken family will not be in a position to provide a balanced diet in terms of food to the growing child. As for intelligence development, proper nutrition is mandatory in the childs life, as it will maintain the health and growth of the child. These children of the ages 1-5 years are still undergoing the growth process, and so is their intelligence. Therefore, it is noteworthy that parents and caregivers of the children in this age group get at least the basic requirements of life. Th is will see to the development of their intelligence. LLack of food reduces the childs concentration in class for preschoolers, and this will in turn have an effect in their intelligence. From this, it is evident that the development of intelligence thrives in situations where the child is provided with all the basic needs of life- food, shelter, and clothing. A childs intelligence will develop in comparison to the parents educational achievements. Parent education level may influence childrens intelligence development. Studies carried out indicate the relation between delays in intelligence development in children whose parents have low education attainment. Growing up in a single parent setting can influence the childs intelligence. Most single parents are associated with dropping out of school and not having a job. This means that these families have high chances of experiencing poverty and low education level. This will in turn affect the development of the childs intelligence. It is extremely difficult to separate the above elements- poverty, low education level, and single parenthood. In most cases, they go hand in hand and studies show that children from families with these elements tend to have low intelligence or their intelligence develops at a slow pace. Intelligence development in children profoundly relies on parenting styles (Illig, 1998). There are several parenting styles that different parents employ while bringing up their children. In most instances, the parenting styles tend to be uniform, and each parenting style has its own level of impact on the children. The differences in the present parenting styles come about because of differences in culture, family type, child personality, socios of these parenting styles include authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, and uninvolved parenting styles. No particular parenting style is recommended, but, styles that are result oriented and involve interactions of parent and child, consider the respect for the childs opinions, expressions, and views are best at ensuring the development of the childs intelligence. The parents approach matters especially in the early years of the child influence the intelligence development. Matters like discipline, academic help, and social issues need expert parenting styles that will affect positively on the childs intelligence. Harsh or punitive parenting styles or negligent parenting styles hinder the childs development in all contexts. Harsh parents hamper the emotional intelligence of a child from growing, as they will not be in a position to express their emotions. When the child is experiencing hardships in school with his or her academics telling their inconsiderate parents will not be an option, and in the end, they will opt to suffer silently. For intelligence development to be better for children of this age group, parents need to employ parenting styles that will increase a close relationship between them and their children. This will enable the children to be open and honest and be able to express themselves. They can also learn many things from their parents that will help in the development of their intelligence. Home environment contributes immensely to how intelligence develops in children of the age one to five years. Home environment includes a variety of elements that can influence family operation. These elements include parent-child relation, responsiveness of parent to child, and provision of proper toys. The paper has already tackled the parent responsive and the parent child relation. We will focus on the provision of toys. Provision of toys to the children of the ages two rears and above is mandatory in the development of the childrens cognitive aspect. Toys provided to the child need to be appropriate for their different ages so that the development can take place stage by stage. Toys should be present during the childs play time, and the toys need to be of different types. Since, at the age of one of two years, the children are not speaking or cannot communicate well except through expression of emotions. Toys come in varied natures and help development of intelligence in differe nt contexts. Children learn about things in their surrounding through these toys. For instance, the toys can be of different animals, houses, trees, letters, and other items that the child needs to figure out. Through the use and play of toys, a childs intelligence develops rapidly in the early years of the childs life. Another way in which studies have come up on how intelligence development takes place is through the natural ways. This brings about the hot topic of the Nature versus Nurture with several proponents arguing their case. From the above detailed, discussion, we have strongly based the reasoning on the development of a childs intelligence on the nurture aspect. That is how intelligence in children from the age of one to five develops through their surrounding environment and people. The question is whether genetic factors play the leading role in intelligence development. Genetic factors include racial or ethnic differences, hereditary elements and other items. There is general knowledge both environment and genes play a significant role in intelligence development and other competencies. The function of genetic factors is dynamic and not fixed at birth. Both nature and nurture contribute to the development of intelligence in a child (Illig, 1998). Conclusion The development of the cognitive aspect of children between the ages of one to five years is an ongoing process in the childs life. A process of intelligence development calls for the help of the adults in the childs life and providing the child with several intelligence boosters. It is necessary for the parent or caregiver of the child to understand the development of the cognitive aspect of a child goes through several steps. This means that different ages mean different development of intelligence in a child. Parents need to know that three year old cannot behave like five years old as their intelligence varies. The early years of a child are indispensable as they determine the personality and intelligence of the child as an adult in the future life. It is therefore, essential that parents participate in ensuring that children of this age develop fully in the cognitive aspect. The development of intelligence in children of the ages between one to five years involves several elements in their life. The significant influencing factors involve their surrounding environment and people. For rapid and better intelligence development in children of this age, proper environment and positive people should surround them. Children staying in an inappropriate environment or lack parent-child relationship are more likely to develop difficulties in school, their social life, and their emotions. Parents need to provide their young ones with all the important elements to develop their intelligence both emotional and social intelligence. As for the school going children between the age of three to five years, a good kindergarten with skilled educators are essential in the boosting of the childs intelligence. All these factors put into considerations will ensure that the development of intelligence in children of this age group happens, as it is required. Buy custom How Children Develop their Intelligence essay

Gossip

Gossip Gossip Gossip By Maeve Maddox When I came across a reference to a â€Å"birthing chair† in a historical novel by Barbara Youree, I wanted to know more about it, so I did a Web search and found this: Today, the idea of giving birth while sitting upright in a wooden chair may seem torturous.   But long before delivery rooms, stirrups, forceps and foetal monitors, a woman gave birth at home in a chair with the aid of her midwife and other female friends, relatives and neighbours. These women were known as the ‘gossips’, for they spread the word to all the women in the community when another went into labour. What distracted my attention from the birthing chair was the explanation of the word gossips. The modern definition of â€Å"a gossip† is a person who spreads information about other people, but that is a later development of the word gossip. The â€Å"gossips† who helped a friend give birth in the old days got their name another way. The noun gossip comes from Old English godsibb, â€Å"godparent.† The element sib means â€Å"kinsman, relation by blood.† The word survives in modern English sibling, â€Å"each of two or more children of a common parent or parents.† The word sib itself survives in Scottish dialect, as in the proverb, â€Å"All Stuarts are not sib,† (i.e., â€Å"just because you have the same name as someone famous doesn’t mean that you’re related.†) Nowadays children who are baptized ordinarily have only two godparents, but in earlier times a child might have several. Joan of Arc, for example, had at least eight. And even in this century, Prince George of Cambridge has been provided with seven. In time the noun gossip expanded to mean any close friend, man or woman, but especially the women present to help at a birth. Any activity that involves waiting for something to happen is going to call forth plenty of idle talk, so it wasn’t much of a leap for gossip to take on its present meaning. From the noun comes the verb to gossip, â€Å"to tell tales or spread rumors.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:4 Types of Gerunds and Gerund PhrasesProbable vs. PossibleHow Do You Pronounce "Often"?

Telecommunication center - Business Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Telecommunication center - Business Plan - Essay Example By accepting this document, you agree to be bound by these restrictions and limitations. Executive Summary Date Recipient's Name, Title Street Address City, State Zip Code Dear Sir/ Ma’am: We are Q-Tele Inc, a startup telecommunications company aiming to offer alternative cellular and data services to the US Market. The company is still in its planning stage, and is looking at being able to start operations by October of this year. Currently, we are still putting together the backbone facility of the service and looks at completing this before the 4th quarter of this year. Q-Tele is Sales and Marketing driven, and will invest heavily on equipment purchase, ensuring the telecommunication infrastructure is competitive and will promise to bring better service to the target market. Upon setting up of important facilities, the owner will then proceed investing on marketing and sales tools that would bring the group to market consciousness. The owners are likewise planning for globa l expansion by forging tie ups with global service providers in ensuring connectivity among the target market. The succeeding sections will discuss the plans and goals, and the company’s business objectives. ... The company’s vision is focused on products and services that are technologically superior. The main value proposition is to enhance business and personal communications that would benefit the target market. Business Goals and Objectives Management aims to establish and stabilize business operations by the end of the third month, and have all start up loans paid up by the end of the second year in business. The owners would like to be able to open business stocks also by the end of its second year in business. Operations are being targeted to commence by October 2013. There will be soft selling of services by start of June. Dealer acquisition will start by end of April 2013, and potential dealer-retailers shall undergo a training program to ensure that they are aligned with the company’s business goals and mission vision. All needed manpower to fully support the operations should already be in by June 2013. Initial facility acquisition has commenced December of last yea r, and setting up the infrastructure to support the network operations would take approximately six months from completion of site acquisition. Business History Q-Tele is a startup telecommunications company in an industry that already has several players. The business goals may seem ambitious but the owners are optimistic that they would be able to reach the objectives by bringing in a management team with varied expertise in the telecommunication business operations. Headquarters will be located at ____________________. There will be dealers and retailers from all parts of the United States. Eventually, there will be expansion programs in key areas in US. SWOT Analysis Strengths 1. Q-Tele offers a fresh approach to retail telecommunications by providing a dedicated after sales

Manufacturing Strategy Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Manufacturing Strategy - Case Study Example The mining sector belonged to the state sector so as to increase prices of minerals and boost production of minerals The second strategy used by the manufacturing company is precise financial discipline. The company has embraced a shareholder value added that measures the difference between the company’s cost of capital and the operating company’s profit. It approximated cost of productivity by running through an essential analysis to resolve whether it can effectively compete. The Komatsu limited company allowed buying of machines and spare parts including up-front bidding process. The company pays its employees based on the ratio of company’s earning over the investment of the company. That presented the entire company with incentive to cut down costs. This strategy greatly reduced the deployed capital in the mineral mining. It has made the production function produce the right products faster and service to customers at the correct time. The third strategy used is having a balanced approach of investment. The company shifted production offshore and also decided to get resource from different offshore factories. The Komatsu limited company employs use of this strategy that comprised of a considerable reinvestment in the local market. As a way of example, the company built mineral mining in Australia, but shifted mineral production and processing in the Middle East nations to improve efficiency and trap energy sources. The company heavily invested in bringing the most advanced as well as modern productivity tools to the manufacturing factories to boost the operations in the production sector. This is aimed at improving home markets and emerging markets abroad. The fourth manufacturing strategy is having multiple export approaches and home markets. This Komatsu limited company located mineral manufacturing in the Middle East nations not only to satisfy customers’ demand, but also considered

The FSISs Public Health Information System Essay

The FSISs Public Health Information System - Essay Example The committee further recommended that FSIS collect extensive information regarding meat and poultry labeling and consumer protection. As stated by the Institute for Homeland Security Solutions (2009), the national security of the United States depends on a safe and secure food supply; food that is free of contamination. In 2006, the Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Act was passed by both the White House and Congress. The Act established a goal of near-real-time information to enhance rapid response to public health threats to minimize their impact. To meet such a challenge, public health and safety organizations need to enhance their ability to collect, analyze, and disseminate health information across the organization. Liu & Wein (2008) and Zink (2004) have raised concerns that it is only a matter of time before the United States begins experiencing instances of major food terrorism. Earlier in this century, Sobel, Griffith, Slutsker, Swerdlow & Tauxe observed that the inform ation environment and informatics tools that were used then tended to follow jurisdiction boundaries. They further observed that these boundaries worked against efforts to reduce inherent latencies. One good example of the effects of these boundaries is the 2008 peanut butter contamination. In November 2008, the Center for Disease Control confirmed clusters of Salmonella Typhimurium (IHSS, 2009). Two months later, investigations associated Salmonella Typhimurium with peanut butter contamination.

Relationship between minimalism and Pop Art Essay

Relationship between minimalism and Pop Art - Essay Example Originated in Britain during the late 1950s up to 1960s, the pop art movement was formed to go against the concept of both abstract expressionism and minimalism . As such, the pop art movement challenges that way traditional fine arts were created. Likewise, the development of pop art movement also tried to put a distinction between the creation of â€Å"high art and low popular culture†. Based on aesthetical issues, the history of art movement, and social responses, this essay will purposely discuss the main relationship between minimalism and pop art. As part of the main discussion, similarities and differences between minimalism and pop art will be identified followed by determining the link that creates connection between these two types of art movements. In relation to American art and culture as well as the whole â€Å"anti-abstract expressionism†, the works of pop artists such as Andy Warhol and Robert Rauschenberg and minimalism artists such as Frank Stella and Donald Judd will be considered in this study. Depending on iconography, colours, forms, lines, shape, texture and other similar factors, at least one (1) work example coming from each of these four artists will be compared and contrast to show antithetical connections, similarities, and differences between minimalism and pop art. Both the minimalism and pop art movement was at its peak sometime in 1960s , . In line with this, one of the most obvious similarities between the minimalism and pop art group of artists is that both movements.

Descartes Meditations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Descartes Meditations - Essay Example He expresses his disdain about the knowledge acquired through the senses because the senses are deceptive. He compares the state of wakefulness and dream and finds no distinguishing features; they are alike and one cannot tell either from the other. He does this to find what is real. Having thought that all things could be imaginary, he assumes everything is imaginary. From this, he observes that even in dreams the objects have resemblance to real objects. Thus, he concludes that there must be some objects that are unquestionably real. In this class of real objects, he places figures, quantities or magnitudes, number and time. On these findings, he finds that only geometry and arithmetic constitute true knowledge which is irrefutable. Descartes examined the existence of God. He argued that if he exists, then he allows people to be deceived. He then disqualifies this pointing to the fact he is all good. In assuming there is no God, he concludes that the being responsible for human bei ng’s existence would be even more imperfect. Leaving this assumption, he devices the deceiving devil. In the second meditation, he observes that the only truth that remains even if there is a devil that deceives is the fact that he exists. Because even if he experiences deception in the existence of all things, it shows he exists; albeit as a thinking being. He observes that though wax changed in form when heated it still remained as wax through this analogy, he came up with other real things. The idea of a substance and identity is also true. In the third meditation, Descartes seeks to examine the existence of God. He wants to expand on his limited list of true knowledge. He argues that one idea cannot be truer than the other and cannot be considered false if it does not refer to an object. Because the existence of God is no bases on any assumptions, (it is an idea) then there is no base to evaluate its falsehood. Since his idea of God extended beyond the finite, it could no t have originated from himself as a finite being. Therefore, because he had an idea of God, then God exists. In the fourth meditation, he explains the chances of his erring in reasoning. Having recognized that a perfect God created him, Descartes seeks to know how he commits errors. He recognizes error as a defect and not a trait given by God. This error occurs because the power to differentiate between good and bad given by God to humans is finite, just as a person is finite. His knowledge and power to choose deceives him into error. In meditation five, Descartes finds another way of demonstrating the existence of God2. He observes that the things for which he has clear thoughts about, whether they exist out of his mind or not, they are true. The characteristics assigned to these ideas remain true. Then it follows that, in his clear thought, he has an idea of God with certain characteristics, then existence of God is true. In meditation six, he evaluates the existence of tangible o bjects and the difference between the soul and body. First he differentiates between thought and intellect. He uses the example of a triangle and notes that he can easily conceive of a three sided figure as well as thousand sided polygons. The difference was when he tried to form a mental image of the two figures; the triangle formed easily while the thousand-sided polygon did not. That which requires more effort to visualize is from imagination and that which is easy to visualize is f

Media Ethics IssueFinal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Media Ethics IssueFinal - Essay Example In other words, ethics is internally self determined rather that externally enforced. But ethics itself is written down as a guide on the practice of different professions such as journalism, medicine and law. This is done to avoid excesses in the practice of the profession. Law, on the other hand, is itself a set of laid down ethics. The basic difference between law and ethics is, therefore, that one is determined by government legislation while the other is determined by practitioners of journalism, or other trade, themselves. The laws that are of most concern to journalists are definitely defamation and libel. The former differs from the latter in that it is concerned with the spoken word while the other deals primarily with the written. Both laws govern against publication of material or information that is detrimental to the reputation and standing in society of individuals, provided that such published material is either false or cannot be proved beyond reasonable doubt to be true. Where such information is published, the individual mentioned adversely in the publication has a right to sue the journalists concerned, and if successful, is entitled to compensation relative to the extent of damage done as determined by a court of law. Members of the journalism profession are faced with the dilemma of choosing between telling the truth and the imminent danger of being sued legally for libel or defamation. Where there isn't sufficient evidence to support an adverse story, editors may be left with no choice but to stop publicizing of a story. Even the fact that journalism is the only private trade that is explicitly recognized by the constitution in many countries, such as the first amendment in the US constitution, the relationship between the fourth estate and government remains a thorny one. In most cases, individuals who bring up libel cases are public figures involved directly in governance. Matters of public interest such as official misappropriation of public funds and corruption may not see the light of day through the media since there is a difficult choice between the potential damage it can do to the persons mentioned if in the end proved not to be true. Journalists in some cases advocate for objectivity in reporting a story as sufficient ground for exemption from legal proceedings, a view that is seen as self- serving government. All the same, the media holds a privileged status in society since it is the most effective way of checking excesses in government; but is austerely governed by both its internal ethics and the long arm of the law. Most journalists prefer the former to the latter. 2. Advertisers influence media content and the resultant ethical issues. Adverts form a large part of media content, since the media depend on advertisers for their income. It is estimated that more than a third of the content carried by the media is adverts. This puts the media in direct conflict with the government time and again. One ethical issue that brings the government into direct conflict with the media is the impact of advertisement on minors who are still not old enough to make fully informed choices. Such an impact on the formative and highly impressionable minds of children is critically examined. The interest of the advertisers is to influence children to buy products by creating the impression that their lives are incomplete without

Descartes Meditations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Descartes Meditations - Essay Example He expresses his disdain about the knowledge acquired through the senses because the senses are deceptive. He compares the state of wakefulness and dream and finds no distinguishing features; they are alike and one cannot tell either from the other. He does this to find what is real. Having thought that all things could be imaginary, he assumes everything is imaginary. From this, he observes that even in dreams the objects have resemblance to real objects. Thus, he concludes that there must be some objects that are unquestionably real. In this class of real objects, he places figures, quantities or magnitudes, number and time. On these findings, he finds that only geometry and arithmetic constitute true knowledge which is irrefutable. Descartes examined the existence of God. He argued that if he exists, then he allows people to be deceived. He then disqualifies this pointing to the fact he is all good. In assuming there is no God, he concludes that the being responsible for human bei ng’s existence would be even more imperfect. Leaving this assumption, he devices the deceiving devil. In the second meditation, he observes that the only truth that remains even if there is a devil that deceives is the fact that he exists. Because even if he experiences deception in the existence of all things, it shows he exists; albeit as a thinking being. He observes that though wax changed in form when heated it still remained as wax through this analogy, he came up with other real things. The idea of a substance and identity is also true. In the third meditation, Descartes seeks to examine the existence of God. He wants to expand on his limited list of true knowledge. He argues that one idea cannot be truer than the other and cannot be considered false if it does not refer to an object. Because the existence of God is no bases on any assumptions, (it is an idea) then there is no base to evaluate its falsehood. Since his idea of God extended beyond the finite, it could no t have originated from himself as a finite being. Therefore, because he had an idea of God, then God exists. In the fourth meditation, he explains the chances of his erring in reasoning. Having recognized that a perfect God created him, Descartes seeks to know how he commits errors. He recognizes error as a defect and not a trait given by God. This error occurs because the power to differentiate between good and bad given by God to humans is finite, just as a person is finite. His knowledge and power to choose deceives him into error. In meditation five, Descartes finds another way of demonstrating the existence of God2. He observes that the things for which he has clear thoughts about, whether they exist out of his mind or not, they are true. The characteristics assigned to these ideas remain true. Then it follows that, in his clear thought, he has an idea of God with certain characteristics, then existence of God is true. In meditation six, he evaluates the existence of tangible o bjects and the difference between the soul and body. First he differentiates between thought and intellect. He uses the example of a triangle and notes that he can easily conceive of a three sided figure as well as thousand sided polygons. The difference was when he tried to form a mental image of the two figures; the triangle formed easily while the thousand-sided polygon did not. That which requires more effort to visualize is from imagination and that which is easy to visualize is f

The Poetry of T.S. Eliot Essay Example for Free

The Poetry of T.S. Eliot Essay The poetry of T.S. Eliot is of such greatness that it will be read and analyzed by future generations of students and critics as long as there is poetry. Eliot received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1948 and his work spanned a period of time from 1910 until his death in 1965. The period 1914—1922 was very significant for Eliot for obvious as well as personal reasons and events. He was living in England and Europe was witnessing the end of the First World War and realizing the devastation caused. Personally he was having marital difficulties as well as emotional and psychological problems. (Eliot xv—xviii) His work from this period is very dark and obviously influenced by the â€Å"wasteland† of Europe as well as his marital and personal issues. The poems are compelling and in their unique way stand to illustrate the beauty that can be created in the dismal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock† was first published in 1915. It opens with Italian verse from â€Å"Dante’s Inferno†, seemingly trying to set a tone of death and damnation. There are no bright spots or happiness in the poem; instead there is a sense of anxiety, uncertainty and sadness. He walks â€Å"streets that follow like a tedious argument of insidious intent to lead you to an overwhelming question† (9). The women seem out of reach, â€Å"in the room the women come and go talking of Michelangelo† (10). It is not a pleasant scene. Eliot appears to want to escape it, to be â€Å"a pair of ragged claws scuttling across the floors of silent seas† (11).   His language in Prufrock is full of allusions and very difficult to read and interpret, and it is almost as if he has sympathy for the reader. He shows his frustration at miscommunication in several lines, some repeated. â€Å"That is not what I meant at all. That is not it, at all† is followed by later by â€Å"it is impossible to say just what I mean† (12). Later this thought is inverted and repeated, â€Å"that is not it at all, that is not what I meant, at all† (13). Towards the end he becomes melancholy and thinks of his old age and death: â€Å"I grow old†¦I grow old†¦I have heard the mermaids singing, each to each. I do not think they will sing to me†¦we have lingered by the chambers of the sea by sea-girls wreathed with seaweed red and brown till human voices wake us and we drown† (13). The reader is left to wonder if Prufrock was drowning in a sea of human voices. This conflict and miscommunication is symbolic of both Eliot’s marital and personal difficulties. The poem is depressing and full of darkness, conflict and anxiety. It is only the beginning of his bleak viewpoint.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This theme of darkness and miscommunication continues to be reflected in his poetry. In â€Å"Morning at the Window†. Eliot is â€Å"aware of the damp souls of housemaid sprouting despondently at area gates†¦waves of fog toss up to me twisted faces†¦and tear from a passer-by with muddy skirts an aimless smile that hovers in the air and vanishes†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (24). He writes of his â€Å"Aunt Helen† not in reflection of her life, but upon her death, focusing on silence and the task of the undertaker: †¦the undertaker wiped his feet—he was aware this sort of thing had occurred before† (26). There is a gloominess that seems to be everywhere Eliot looks. His theme of miscommunication is in his very words, often bizarre and difficult to interpret. In â€Å"Mr. Apollinax† Mr. Apollinax â€Å"laughed like an irresponsible foetus ‘he is a charming man’—but after all what did he mean† (28).   Ã‚  If the words are difficult enough to understand, the final verse is all but impossible to comprehend. â€Å"I remember a slice of lemon, and a bitter macaroon† (29).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Through these unsettling works Eliot shows himself to be a master at portraying a side of the human condition no one really likes to see, yet invariably at sometime everyone does. Often he points out the contrary view as he does in â€Å"The Wasteland†. Springtime is a timeless topic for countless poets expressing the wonder and beauty of nature coming alive after a winter asleep. Not so for Eliot. â€Å"April is the cruelest month, breeding lilacs out of the dead land, mixing memory and desire, stirring dull roots with spring rain† (65). Not surprisingly he seems to prefer winter. â€Å"Winter kept us warm, covering earth with a forgetful snow, feeding a little life with dried tubers† (65). The theme of miscommunication continues to either cause or accompany the darkness. â€Å"Speak to me. Speak. Why do you never speak. Speak. What are you thinking of? What thinking? What? I never know what you are thinking† (69).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Eliot revisits his earlier theme of death as sea in the â€Å"Death by Water† section of â€Å"Wasteland†, advising Gentile or Jew â€Å"entering the whirlpool†Ã‚   to remember â€Å"Phlebas the Phoenician, a fortnight dead† (77). In the final section â€Å"What the Thunder Said† his depression seems to come to triumph. Eliot emphasizes â€Å"after the agony in stony places the shouting and the crying†¦he who was living is now dead, we who were living are now dying† (78). His landscape has been ruined: â€Å"falling towers Jerusalem Athens Alexandria Vienna London Unreal† (79). Despite his viewpoint and topics his work is beautiful as it moves the â€Å"unreal† of his imagination to our â€Å"reality† in such a unique and personal way; overall he has in fact communicated his reality in a masterful and compelling fashion. Eliot has proved that good things can arise from, if not be inspired by terrible situations. Works Cited   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Eliot, T.S. The Waste Land and Other Poems. New York: Barnes and Noble Classics, 2004.

Key Technologies LTE And Lte Advanced Information Technology Essay

Key Technologies LTE And Lte Advanced Information Technology Essay LTE is pre-4G technology which provides high data speed, volume, and more coverage area. Besides that, LTE can decease the delay process; the operational cost of the system as well as evolution of 4G in the future is maintained. This paper will introduce the difference between LTE and LTE advanced, LTE performance as well as critical technologies of LTE system. LTE (Long Term Evolution) is the latest standard in the moblile network technology tree that previously realized the GSM/EDGE/ and UMTS/HSxPA network technologies. It is a project standardized by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) as a major enhancement to 4G 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard. LTE being described as 3.9G technology since the first release LTE does not fully meet with the IMT Advanced 4G requirements as defined by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) such as peak data rates up to 1Gbit/s. Hence, ITU has offered the submission of candidate Radio Interface Technologies (RITs) following their requirement.[1] the LTE Advanced is reach and surpass the ITU requirement. **LTE Advanced is the pre-4G standard that designed to increase the capacity and speed of mobile telephone network.** LTE Advanced is backwards compatible with LTE and uses the same frequency bandwidth, while LTE is not backwards compatible with 3G systems. LTE and LTE Advance is more advantage than other mobile network technology because LTE improves capacity, coverage and ensures user fairness. Besides that, it have more ability to leverage advanced topology networks. And it optimized heterogeneous network with a mix of macros with low power modes such as picocells, femtocells and new relay nodes. Furthermore, it introduces multicarrier to be able to leverage ultra wide bandwidth, up to 100MHz of spectrum supporting very high data rates. Nowadays, LTE advanced is more nearly achieve the target of ITU, below are the comparision between LTE and LTE advanced: [2] Peak data rates: downlink 1Gbps; uplink 500Mbps. Spectrum efficiency: 3 times greater than LTE Peak spectrum efficiency: downlink 30bps/hz; uplink 15bps/hz Spectrum use: the ability to support scalable bandwidth use and spectrum aggregation where non-contiguous spectrum needs to be used Latency: from Idle to Connected in less than 50ms and then shorter than 5ms one way for individual packet teransmission. Cell edge user throughput to be twice that of LTE Average user throughput to be 3 times that of LTE Mobility: same as that in LTE Compatibility: LTE advanced shall be capable of interworking with LTE and 3GPP legacy systems. Channel characterization The main principles of LTE physical layer design, which lead to new Radio Resource Management (RRM) opportunities that are significantly different from the ones applied in GSM and WCDMA/HSPA. [3] Downlink: OFDMA LTE downlink modulation is based on multicarrier transmission of subcarrier signals, ie. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). [3] As long as the channel delay spread remains within the CP, the subcarriers are orthogonal. In the transmitter, the subcarrier signals are generated in the frequency domain by an Inverse FFT. In the receiver, after discarding the CP, the FFT is used to recover the transmitted signals. In LTE, the data of different users is multiplexed in the frequency domain, and accordingly the downlink is characterized as OFDMA. LTE uses OFDMA as downlink multiple access plan as figure 1. Figure 1: LTE Downlink Multiple Access Uplink: SC-FDMA LTE uplink is designed to be in-cell orthogonal. This is contrary to the WCDMA/HSPA uplink, which is non-orthogonal and targets at randomizing the intracell interference by long scrambling sequences. Non-orthogonal multiple access is in theory superior to orthogonal, if ideal multiuser detection is used. However, channel estimation imperfections limit the multiuser efficiency, especially at high load and high SNR. Another important feature underlying the selection of the LTE uplink transmission technique is the need to sacrifice power and symbol resources for the channel estimation. Spreading the transmission over the whole bandwidth is not sensible for transmitters with limited power resources-the wider the bandwidth, the larger the overhead needed for the pilot signals. Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) is the basis uplink user multiplexing together with the bandwidth flexibility target of LTE. To keep the peak-to-average power ratio small, a Single Carrier transmission for mat was adopted. In this respect, LTE uplink returns to the GSM principle of utilizing power efficient modulation, which was partially sacrificed in uplink HSPA. To solve the equalization problems, a Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) transmission format with a cyclic prefix was adopted. This allows for a power efficient modulation, yet equalizable in the frequency domain, SC-FDMA can be interpreted as DFT-spread OFDMA. LTE uses DFT-SOFDM (SC-FDMA) as uplink multiple access plan. Figure 2: LTE Uplink Multiple Access System performance LTE baseline performance is the cumulative throughput experienced in a cellular network serving multiple users per cell. The baseline here means that moderate antenna configurations are used at the base station sites, and the UE capability includes 2 receive antennas. This type of analysis also reveals fairness among the served UEs. In cellular networks, cell edge performance is often valued because it is the most challenging regime of signal processing and signaling, and the region where the interference limitation of cellular networks is most strongly felt. For a uniform geographical user distribution, relatively large number of users gets served at cell edge areas. Key technologies MIMO( Multi input Multi output) The DL MIMO transmission schemes already supported in LTE Release 8 include transmit-diversity and open-loop and closed-loop spatial multiplexing with up to 4 layers. However, the performance of the multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) scheme is limited by coarse quantization and the lack of support for cross-talk suppression at the UE. Fortunately, LTE releases 9 and 10 is going to fix the MU-MIMO performance. It will improve the single-cell DL MU-MIMO support, extend to 8-layer DL spatial multiplexing, extend to 4-layer UL spatial multiplexing and add DL CoMP support. How it going to improve the single cell DL MU-MIMO support? First, in LTE have 2 layers of orthogonal UE specific reference signal have been introduced. This enables an eNB to transmit 2 layers of data to a UE set using spatial multiplexing in a closed-loop mode by constructing antenna weights using channel reciprocity. Additionally, this enables an eNB to transmit 2 layers of data to 2 UE sets using the same time-frequency reso urce in MU-MIMO fashion. Swithcing between single and dual-layer transmission to a single UE set, as well as between SU-MIMO and MU-MIMO is supported in a dynamic fashion. The control signaling overhead for supporting dynamic and transparent MU-MIMO transmission is small because UE is not explicitly informed of the presence of co-scheduled UE, for the purposes of feedback or demodualation. The 2 layers of UE-specific reference signals are overlaid on top of each other and a UE, after subtracting out its channel estimate, may estimate a covariance matrix representing the combined interference from a co-scheduled UE and outer cell transmissions. This feature can be used by a receiver to significantly suppress the interference due to MU-MIMO. The MU-MIMO enhancements in LTE release 9 provide substantial gain in sector throughput when the eNB is able to form transmit beams using reciprocity-based techniques. Note that with channel reciprocity based MU-MIMO, there is no restriction based MU-MIMO, there is no restriction on the number of transmit antennas that can be employed at the eNB. In addition, up to 4 layers of quasi-orthogonal UE-specific reference signals is available for MU-MIMO enabling co-scheduling of up to 4 UE sets in the same time-frequency resource. [4] LTE-next generation technology.pdf MIMO enhancement LTE advance improve MIMO transmission. So, the gain for additional diversity becomes smaller. Anyway not always wanted e.g. frequency selective scheduling. Besides, gain from spatial multiplexing only is questionable. It will limit to hotspot and indoor environment (small cells, scattered propagation environment, very low user mobility) and the only way to achieve the very high peak data rates. The Spatial multiplexing in general needs high SNR regions. It will use of beam forming combined with spatial multiplexing within different beams could be most beneficial. Downlink MIMO transmission need 4UE receive antennas and 44 MIMO become baseline. Then, downlink peak data rates achieved by the use of 88 MIMO ( reference signals for 8 antennas required) For Uplink MIMO transmission, it need 2 UE transmit antennas and 22 MIMO could become baseline. And uplink peak data rate, but also coverage and capacity. 4G Wireless Technology in Car If vehicle can applies LTE wireless technology car solution concept, consumer would be able to access network and cloud-based applications, putting on-demand entertainment, infotainment, diagnostics, and navigation. [5] Engineer in Russia carried out experimental investigation will car speed is 140km/h. The interactive system to send and receive signals works with data rates of 10Mbps. Though this implementation, this will enabled ultra-hign bandwidth technology, [5] Using 4G wireless in car, Jegor Mosyagin Conclusion The LTE technology to radically bring the 3G networks to a new 4G performance era. Through the key technologies above, we are more understood and know how the LTE technology is important in our life now. Hence, LTE are clearly be the future technology for the wide area mobile data coverage in dense traffic areas globally. LTE advanced reaches the target set for IMT-advanced [3],[9] in wide area evaluation scenarios. New releases of LTE, including technology components such as uplink MIMO and carrier aggregation, will improve LTE performance in local area scenarios, and factually realize 1Gbit/s peak rate, often seen as a rate characteristic of 4G systems. [1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE_Advanced [2] (from Radio-Electronics.com/info/cellulartelecomms./4g/3gpp-imt-lte-advacned-tutorial.php) [3] intro LTE 14.9.10 [9]ITU-R, Requirements related to technical performance for IMT-advanced radio interface(s), Report M.2134 (2008).