Argumentative Essay Map Samples for Dummies

Argumentative Essay Map Samples for Dummies Deciding upon an argumentative topic isn't that easy. Prefers to stay anonymous. Your facts ought to be truthful. As you pay for homework, we provide those options free of charge. Then introduce the particular reasons or examples you intend to. Answer the question by creating a discussion. The 30-Second Trick for Argumentative Essay Map Samples These are some points to think about in an Argumentative Essay. Folks argue all of the time. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about a coming deadline. Ruthless Argumentative Essay Map Samples Strategies Exploited Essay writing per se is no simple undertaking to do. Essay Map provides students with step-by-step guidance in the building of an. Essay writing the primary stages. Students will be asked to have two students edit work. They often find that most of their work on these essays is done before they even start writing. Some students prefer to compose the introduction from a young stage. Therefore, many students and employees decide to obtain inexpensive essay rather than writing it themselves. Type of Argumentative Essay Map Samples It's helpful to think about the different essay sections as answering a string of questions. You're going to need to choose a topic first, but your topic ought to be something that has two conflicting points or unique conclusions. Take notes on the way what you feel the essay is hoping to say about a specific subject, issue or event. In case you haven't introduced any type of solution in your essay, perhaps encourage other people to become more conscious of your topic. Several alternative logical structures for essays are visualized as diagrams, making them simple to implement or adapt in the building of an argument. You're totally free to decide on any service available online. For example, think about the topic from the aforementioned link regarding traditional versus alternative medication. By now you're probably prepared to observe an exceptional argumentative essay outline template. The thing you ought to do so as to structure an argumentative essay is to set a claim that's debatable. It presents both sides of an issue. It is a type of thesis or composition where you have to present your view and attempt to convince others that your facts and arguments are correct. Subsequently, essay was defined in various ways. You might also see analytical essay. You could also see descriptive essay. Argumentative essays utilize logic, facts, and reasoning to influence the victor. Descriptive essay outline writing is, thus, essential and can help you choose the reach of an essay whilst also developing points for the essay. The upcoming few paragraphs will constitute most of your essay. The greatest persuasive short essays often concentrate on controversial problems. Analyze the overall guide to essay writing to find some feeling of the way the paragraphs. At this time, you might just be thinking that you're finished with your essay, but you're not. You could also see concept essays. It is the best way to know how to compose a very good argumentative essay. Before writing an argumentative essay, there's one important thing you should know. An argumentative essay requires you to choose a topic and have a position on it. It is a type of essay that presents arguments about both sides of an issue. It is one of the many academic essay types. It is very important to remember an argumentative essay and an expository essay could possibly be similar, but they vary greatly with respect to the quantity of pre-writing and research involved.

Wireless Networks Wireless Network - 2245 Words

WIRELESS NETWORKS Wireless networks have become a major part in the operation of businesses and in people’s lives. Wireless networks can provide fast speed internet connections without having to use wired connections. Businesses are doing much better with wireless networks because they don’t have to pay the costs of installing wired networks and people can work easier because they do not have wires running all over the place. Now with wireless networks in place, businesses are able to connect to their other branches and buildings within their area as well. TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE 4: WIRELESS NETWORKS PAGE 5: WIRELESS LANS PAGE 6: PERSONAL AREA NETWORKS PAGE 7: METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORKS PAGE 8:†¦show more content†¦Wireless LANs are commonly used on college campuses and most laptops come equipped with wireless LAN capabilities. They do not have any defined boundaries, which makes it hard for the user to control the network traffic. Wireless LANs make it possible for people to use the internet anywhere there is free and non-secured Wi-Fi. The ability to connect wirelessly is based on the location of the access point. If a person is close to an access point, they can get a strong signal. If they far, they can get a weak signal or no signal. Wireless LANs can be unreliable as well because of weather, and the environment. There are many ways to implement Wireless LANs. They are infrastructure BSS, independent BSS, ESS, and distribution system. The most common way is the BSS. Wireless LANs have base stations that are connected to a wired infrastructure called access points. The stations have to communication through the access point. They cannot communicate dire ctly. Independent BSS is more popular in military applications. Computenetworking.about.com says, â€Å"The key hardware components of a wireless computer network include adapters, routers and access points, antennas and repeaters.† Wireless LANs have to have wireless network adapters for every device that wants to connect to the internet. The access points and routers use Wi-Fi antennas so that the communication range can increase. A lot of businesses have been victims of data breachesShow MoreRelatedWireless Network3151 Words   |  13 PagesIntroduction Wireless network is indicated to a telecommunication network whose interconnections between nodes are implemented without the use of wires, such a computer network. Nowadays, wireless network has become the important thing in telecommunication. This sort of technology has been used for over a century and remains synonymous with radio. In 19th century, Guglielmo Marconi invented a radio and made his made his mark in the world of wireless technology. At that moment, Marconi was aboutRead MoreWireless Security : Wireless Network Essay1089 Words   |  5 Pages Wireless Security Overview Wireless networks serve as the transport mechanism between devices and among devices and the traditional wired networks (enterprise networks and the Internet). Wireless networks are many and diverse but are frequently categorized into three groups based on their coverage range: Wireless Wide Area Networks (WWAN), Wireless Local Area Network (WLANs), Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN )and etc. WWAN includes wide coverage area technologies such as 2G cellular, CellularRead MoreWireless Sensor Network2241 Words   |  9 Pages1.1 Wireless sensor network (WSN) A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of sensing device, computation element, and communication elements that gives user the ability to measure, observe and react to particular events and phenomena in that problem field. A sensing device provides data from sensing physical characteristics such as temperature, pressure and sound etc and then transmits that data to the base station via radio either on time basis or demand basis. A wireless sensor network may containsRead MoreA Study On Wireless Network1097 Words   |  5 PagesWLAN is a wireless computer network that links two or more devices using a wireless distribution method within a limited area such as an office building. It provides short range wireless high speed data connections between devices such as laptops and phones and a nearby special hard ware connected to a wired network. It tries to imitate the structure of the wired LANs using another medium to transfer data instead of cables. This medium uses Radio Frequency wh ich is electromagnetic. Wireless LANs consistRead MoreWireless Network Security1602 Words   |  7 PagesPaper CNT4514 Wireless Vulnerabilities The world of wireless networks as we all know is one of the most rapidly growing areas in our world today. With the massive amount of data that is going on, â€Å"the cloud† the security of all of our data is questioned. As well with so many of our day to day tasks relying on our wireless capabilities it make you wonder how safe is it to rely so heavily on something. We have to ask the questions what are the key vulnerabilities of wireless networks and even justRead MoreWireless Networks And Wireless Sensor Networks1525 Words   |  7 Pages Introduction Wireless networking or atleast the networks in which we operate normally refers to wireless sensor networks which is an innovative and are within the broad spectrum of whites networks that are specifically designed to measure a small amounts of data and that data is related to sensor data. The little pieces of information like temperature sensors or open/close sensor are extremely valuable information as it provides insights into defense that might happen in their business processesRead MoreThe Evolution Of Wireless Networks2183 Words   |  9 Pages The Evolution of Wireless Networks Micheal Robinson Network Management and Infrastructure July 27, 2015 Abstract Networking of computers has developed quite well since they were first introduced. Wireless networks are basically just the new trend of computer networks in the IT world. Of course with every new technology that is created, there are some pros and cons. This paper engages some of the key advantages and deficiencies of wireless networks security. It addresses variousRead MoreQuestions On Wireless Network And Security1402 Words   |  6 Pages Assignment-1 MN603 Subject Wireless Network and Security Teacher Biplob Rakshit Ray Name : Loveneet Singh Dhanjal ID: MIT130071 Contents 1) Introduction 3 2) Massive MIMO architectures 3 a. V-BLAST 3 b. Array Architecture 4 3) Uses of massive MIMO to achieve convergence of wireless networks 5 a. Spatial multiplexing 6 b. Pre-coding 6 4) Existing Technologies 6 a. WiMAX 6 b. 3G 6 c. 4G LTE 7 5) Recently proposed techniques in the literature 7 5G 7 6) RelevantRead MoreAdvantages of Wireless Networks in a Hospital1220 Words   |  5 PagesAdvantages of Wireless Networks in a Hospital Jeffrey Rader â€Æ' When healthcare adapted to wireless networks, it provided so many efficient ways of promoting a greater care for the patient. Although having some drawbacks with the technology, which will be discussed later in this writing. The combination of wireless and healthcare can provide many advances and solve many issues that have plagued the field in the past. Effectiveness of wireless networks allows the nurse and doctor to send a prescriptionRead MoreImplementation of Security for Wireless Network3538 Words   |  15 PagesImplementation of Security for Wireless Network R.Sridevi (Asst.Prof) Department of Computer Science PSG College of Arts amp; Science Coimbatore, TN. srinashok@gmail.com Abstract -This paper addresses the internal and the external security challenges in organizations that implements wireless networks. Distributed security is designed to provide a more secure data communication among faculty members, staff and students. A description of the technique used to protect and keep PC s up and

British and Canadian Legislation International Marketing

Question: Discuss about the British and Canadian Legislation International Marketing. Answer: Introduction: As mentioned by Pomering (2013) advertisements are the channel of communication between the marketers and the consumers. Hence, any promotional campaign needs to conform to the social and legal norms of a country where it is going to be aired. In the given case study, the advertising campaign of Tourism Australia faced a number of restrictions in the foreign markets due to its lack of concentration on the legal boundaries of the on-air advertisements. In UK, the BACC (Broadcast Advertising Clearance Centre) posed a ban on the Tourism Australia ad with the tagline So where the bloody hell are you? (Charbonneau 2013). According to the Centre, the word bloody was violating the codes of advertising of the Broadcasting Act 1990 and the Communications Act 2003. Moreover, in 2007, the Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) ordered Tourism Australia to remove all posters from all the motorways as it was violating the rules concerning responsibility to children in the British Code of Advertising. On the other hand, in Canada, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation banded the running of the ad during family programs as the Television Bureau of Canada felt the word Hell as offensive for children. Moreover, the CRTC found that that the ad implied beer is necessary for enjoyment and hence the advertisement had to face an editing (Charbonneau 2013). Hence, it is important for the advertisers to be aware of the applicable media laws to ensure no legal hassles and better market communication. As mentioned by Pomering (2013) the unnecessary legal issues related to the advertising campaigns increases operational cost. Moreover, it is also detrimental to the brand image of a company. References: Charbonneau, J., 2013. So where the bloody hell are you?: Tourism Australia faces off with British and Canadian legislation. International Marketing: An Asia-Pacific Perspective, pp.638-642. Pomering, A., 2013. Indigenous identity in the nation brand: tension and inconsistency in a nation's tourism advertising campaigns. Corporate Reputation Review, 16(1), pp.66-79.

What Dreams May Come Essays - What Dreams May Come,

What Dreams May Come Many of us, people don't believe that there exists live after death. We think that this is not possible. People are just dying and they are living their bodies behind them, and leaving this world. Some of us believe in the reincarnation. We died, but we are born as a new human being. In the book ? What dreams may come ? there exist live after death- in heaven. The book tells about a men name Chris and his family. One day he was coming from the theater and three cars hit him, and he died. He woke up at the hospital. Before he died he heard the voices coming from a man. Those voices were saying to him ? to not fight ?. Then after a while he was dead. At first he didn't believe that this happened. When he saw his body lying on the hospital bed he knew that his journey in the world was finish. He didn't know what he was supposed to do. He was looking for his wife. He tried to find her and talk to her, but the only person that could see him or hear him was the person at the hospital that he couldn't recognize. He couldn't see exactly who the man was; he saw just his shadows. Chris was living his other live, live after death. He never knew that ? death is merely continuation at another level ?. After he died he realized that the life is not finish. The spirit lives just our bodies and it goes to heaven. Chris couldn't wait till his wife is going to join him. He believed that this would come soon, because he couldn't stop thinking about her. ? For everything in life there's a counterpart in afterlife ? Nothing can destroy the spirit. Chris was aware of that he went to the other side. He was patiently waiting for his wife. After some time he got the message from Albert that she is not going to join him, because he commit suicide. ? Suicide only participates a darker continuation of the some conditions from which escape was sought. A continuation under circumstances is so much more painful. ? He didn't want to believe that she is not coming there. The only way that they could be together was that he had to go to rescue her from that world. This was very hard to do, because many people tried to do it and they never came back. He got more luck, because he went there. The only problem that he had was that he couldn't find her. There was to many people that commit suicide. He was trying hard to find her and finally he did. He brought her memory back, because she didn't remember anything. Then they came back to the Summerland, and live happy ever after. There also exist the supernatural contact with spirits. In the book when Chris died his family was very sad. He went to his daughter room and he saw the letter that she was writing to her friend. She was telling about her parents and what they lived through. Chris tried to talk to her, without any respond. She couldn't hear anything, because she didn't knew that he was there. Chris didn't gave up and he was telling to her ? write I'm still alive ?, he was repeating this all over and he made her write this note. She was very suprised when she saw this. At first she didn't knew what she suppose to do with this note, but then, she went to her mom trying to tell her that her father made her to write this note. When she enter the room, she saw her mother crying and she decided to not show her nothing. Then she decided that much happened and now was not good time to show it to her. She went back to her room, never telling her mother about that accident. After a little while Chris went to heaven. When he got there he was very suprised what he saw. Heaven was very nice place. He saw the same person that he saw at the hospital, but now

7 Rules for Identifying People by Place Names

7 Rules for Identifying People by Place Names 7 Rules for Identifying People by Place Names 7 Rules for Identifying People by Place Names By Mark Nichol George R. Stewart, if he is remembered today at all, is noted as the writer of Earth Abides, a seminal work in the science fiction subgenre of the postapocalyptic novel. But to some language geeks he is hailed as an onomastician, a scholar of place names. Stewart, in the 1930s, is perhaps best known in the latter role for proposing a schema for how to identify someone according to their place of origin or residence. Journalist and scholar H.L. Mencken was reportedly so impressed with the following distillation that he named them Stewart’s Laws of Municipal Onomastics: 1. Add -n to a place name ending in -a or -ia (Atlantan, Californian). 2. Add -an to a place name ending in -i or sounding like -e (Hawaiian, Baltimorean). 3. Add -ian to a place name ending in -on (Washingtonian). 4. Change -y to -i and add -an to a place name ending in -y (Schenectadian). 5. Add -an to a place name ending in -o (Ohioan). 6. Add -ite or -er to a place name ending in a consonant or a silent -e (New Englander, Seattleite). 7. Delete -s and add -tan to a place name ending in -polis (Annapolitan, for Annapolis). That’s an impressive and helpful set of rules. Unfortunately, many people didn’t get the memo, so we find the rules widely broken. For example, someone from Florida is a Floridian, not a Floridan, and one writes of San Franciscans, not San Franciscoans. Parisians breaks the rules (it should be Parisite ouch or Pariser), as does Chinese (Stewart’s rule dictates Chinan). Then there are classical affectations like Cantabrigian (Cambridge), Novocastrian (Newcastle, in Australia), and Oxonian (Oxford); more or less well-known foreign language alterations such as Flemish (Flanders), Madrileno (Madrid), and Muscovite (Moscow); and references some famous, others obscure based on state nicknames, think â€Å"Bay Stater† (Massachusetts), Hoosier (Indiana), and Nutmegger (Connecticut). Thus, like many other attempts at codifying human behavior or custom, Stewart’s laws are breached as often as they are observed, but they’re still a useful guideline. Ultimately, though, let your fingers do the walking through a dictionary, geographical dictionary, atlas, or other resource. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Punctuating â€Å"So† at the Beginning of a Sentence50 Idioms About Meat and Dairy ProductsHow to Send Tactful Emails from a Technical Support Desk

Easy and Completely Edible Slime Recipe

Easy and Completely Edible Slime Recipe Most slime recipes are non-toxic, but there are only a few you can eat and none that taste as good as this one! Heres how to make edible slime. Edible Slime Ingredients 14 oz. can of  sweetened condensed milk1 tablespoon of cornstarchfood coloring (or you could add a little unsweetened powdered drink mix)couple of drops vanilla or other flavoring, if desired Make the Edible Slime In a saucepan over low heat, stir together the milk and cornstarch. Stir and heat until the mixture thickens. Remove from heat.Stir in the coloring and any flavorings. Allow the slime to cool.Enjoy! When you are finished playing with this slime, store it in a sealed plastic bag in the refrigerator. Refrigerated slime is good for a day or two. You can clean up the edible slime with warm soapy water. If you added food coloring or drink mix, keep the slime away from surfaces which could be colored, such as carpet or upholstery.

SWOT analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

SWOT analysis - Assignment Example As the company is relatively new in the market, the brand awareness of the company is relatively low. There exists strong presence of government support. The number of new entrants at this point of time is quite low. There is also opportunity to make a concentric diversification by adding new, yet closely related products such as â€Å"hot deli† chickens to increase the width of the product line. Also there is scope to position chicken as a healthy food product. (Kolb, 2008, p. 105) There are various kinds of substitute products in the market. Therefore the threat of switch made by the consumers is quite high. As the barriers to entry are quite low, chances of new entrants in the market is quite high. Due to economic downturn people are less inclined towards purchase and more inclined towards savings. Due to the increase in working female class, numbers of people looking for ready to eat food as compared to raw food products have

Access to Higher Education Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Access to Higher Education - Article Example In other words, the report underscores the important role played by the private sector in attainment of the Australian’s government to improve access to higher education. The government has set targets to drastically increase the number individuals with at least bachelor level credentials. For example, the government aims to increase the number of adults with a university degree to 40 percent by the year 2025. This calls for an increase from 32 percent in 2009 to 40 percent in 2015 (Access Economics, 2010:6). Under previous targets, the attainment rate was expected to be 34 percent. The report points out that skilled migration is expected to give rise to over 240, 000 graduates and this mounts pressure on the government to train more graduates (Access Economics). The Australian government invests heavily in bachelor education. For instance, the government spent $ 8 407 095 000 towards bachelor level education in 2009 (Access Economics, 2010:7). However, this funding is directed towards public universities. Private universities on the other hand do not receive constant funding from the government and largely rely on fee revenue (Access Economics, 2010: 3).... e it plays to help the government achieve the set targets with regards to increase the number of individuals with higher education qualifications to match the labour market requirements. Birrell, B. & Edwards, D. (2009) The Bradley review and access to higher education in Australia, viewed 28 Jul 2013 from . The Bradley Review has recommended expansion of domestic level training universities in a move to increase competence in the job market. This report is an important milestone in the higher education arena. It recommends for a considerable increase in the number of adult students pursuing higher education from 29 percent to 40 percent by the year 2020 (Birrell and Edwards, 2009:7). It can be noted that domestic higher education was overlooked at the end of the 20th century had negative effects on the young generation. The recent times have presented numerous job opportunities requiring minimum university qualifications. Conversely, the growth of domestic undergraduate course compl etion has been minimal. The review asserts that demand for Vocational Education Training (VET) has decreased considerably owing to the changing trend in the economy where employers tend to favour those with higher education qualifications. In order for the government to achieve the 40 percent target enrolment rate in 2020, participate rate and demographic factors must be taken into account (Birrell and Edwards, 2009:4). If there is an increase in population, there will be a corresponding increase in the university enrolment rate. The participation rate is dependent on the number of young people who are attending universities. Recent censuses have revealed that the rate of young people attending college was

Whose Reality Essay Example for Free

Whose Reality Essay A child’s world is shaped by their parent’s reality.Jordan Djuric The birth of Prince George into the Royal family has created question on how a family who have rarely any privacy, could raise a child as normal as possible. The family could not even name George without approval from many others. But it brings up the question of, what is a â€Å"normal† upbringing anyway? If a normal upbringing is one which consists of two average paid parents, who live in a middle class suburban home, where they have two children who compete in several sports and go to an average school and grandparents who live close enough to see on a regular basis†¦ I’d say my childhood was not â€Å"normal† either. Although parents are an overwhelming influence in dictating the moulding of our reality, as we progress through childhood our friends and role models also guide us. Before the age of five children don’t really have a choice in the actions that they do. They are their parent’s puppets, although this is usually to guide and nurture this can also have negative repercussions for the child. Then as a child goes to school and starts to choose their own friends they then have peer pressure, which not only will they face when they are five but all the way through their life. Our first role model is the ones who we grow up with; our parents. The reason we learn to walk and to talk is because our first actions are to copy our role models and as we grow up this is our parents. But it’s not just these acts that we attain from our parent’s; we also gain our morals, our interests, who we support in sport and so on. A parent’s job is to love, nurture and teach their child until they learn independence, and what they teach is more than what is on the surface. The way we act depends on our parents, our mannerisms and even our facial expressions. In Spies, Stephen often makes it clear that Keith demonstrates his father’s attributes. Not just in looks â€Å"He smiled his father’s smile† but also in morals. Stephen, like his parents displays loyalty, human kindness and sympathy. The attributes that Stephen shows are a reflection of the nurture that he received while growing up. We learn from our parents, but children would also attain any negative attributes from their parents as well. It cannot be denied that a child’s friends have a big impact on the forming of independence. Although from birth till the age of 5 a child’s decision is their parents, as soon as a child begins school they start to be influenced by external sources. All through school and later peer pressure is there. Our friends can have an influence in the way that we think, the way we talk, our interests and hobbies. In Spies, Stephen is not the dominant figure in Keith and his relationship. â€Å"He was the leader and I was the led† so therefore Keith’s word was the law. Keith made the decisions in that relationship but Stephen had a clear idea in his mind of what he enjoyed and appreciated in life. Stephen acted to impress Keith; he uses the analogy when he finds the sock that it is he’s hunt that he will present to Keith for recognition. Keith shapes Stephen’s world for him, he persuades the way that Stephen perceives the word around him, for example saying that Mr Gort is a murderer. His friend dictates the way that Stephen sees the world. It is crucial for parents to set a good example for their children to mimic. If parents set bad examples then just as always their children will take them on board. In Death of a Salesman Willy’s acts; trying to shape Biff and Happy actually has negative consequences. There is no doubt that Willy is a good father and loves Biff and Happy but he has a very select idea in his minds of how his sons are and doesn’t take in their opinions. Biff can’t keep a job and becomes a kleptomaniac because his father made this impression on him when he was young. Happy continually seeks the approval from his idol; Willy. Willy’s distorted view of reality tries to shape Biff and Happy into something they don’t want to be. This has a detrimental effect on the outcome of Biff and Happy’s lives. Although Biff seems to have overcome his father’s pressures on his career choices, it is clear that Happy will never be able to become successful because of his father. If parents are too controlling this could lead to outlandish behaviour from the child. In â€Å"your shoes† by Michele Roberts it describes how a desperate and controlled adolescent had to escape the overwhelming force of her mum trying to guide her in the direction the mother wanted. In Spies, Keith copies his father more than just facial expressions. As he takes the â€Å"bayonet† to Stephen’s neck Stephen says â€Å"he’s seen this type of punishment before.† Keith has absorbed this abusive, dominant side from his father. Parents have the majority of the say as a child grows but friends have a big part as well. There is no doubt that parents do shape the reality of their children. It isn’t always for the best but they will absorb both the bad and the good sides of any action they see. It’s not just parents that these influences come from though; it is also the peers that children grow up around. View as multi-pages

Tim O’Brien’s The Things They Carried, Daniel Ellsberg, and the Vietnam

Tim O’Brien’s The Things They Carried, Daniel Ellsberg, and the Vietnam War Daniel Ellsberg once believed in the need to contain Communism, in America’s military supremacy, and in the sanctity of those who governed America’s democratic institutions, yet decades of American involvement in Vietnam changed these beliefs for him. The nature of the Vietnam War forced Ellsberg to revise his earlier faith in America’s ability to win any war and his faith in the trustworthiness of America’s leaders. By 1971, this former Defense Department official had so completely altered his thinking that he leaked classified documents to the press in order to encourage public scrutiny of American foreign policy decisions in Vietnam and of the integrity of those who made such decisions. Although Ellsberg is an extreme example, he illustrates the way the Vietnam War called into question many widely accepted beliefs that were shaped by American experience in World War II and in the Cold War. The reassessment of these World War II and Cold War assumptions, however, was not universal within the nation nor within the government elite. As some leaders revised their thinking because of Vietnam, and others held tightly to their initial assumptions despite contradictory evidence, dissent and confusion increased in the higher echelons of government. This high-level dissension mirrored the differences of opinion in the nation and was often responsible for ambiguous, inconsistent policies in Vietnam. Tim O’Brien’s The Things They Carried reveals how the lack of government consensus and clear purpose in policy, as indicated by an analysis of Ellsberg’s intellectual conversion, translated into confusion, purposelessness, and futility for those who a... ...for reconsideration. It seems that if any consensus was left intact after the Vietnam War, it was one of cynical distrust, critical questioning, and ideological confusion. Works Cited Chafe, William H. The Unfinished Journey 3rd edition. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995. Ellsberg, Daniel. Papers on the War. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1972. Herring, George C. America’s Longest War: the United States and Vietnam, 1950-1975 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1996. Hodgson, Godfrey. â€Å"The Ideology of the Liberal Consensus† in History of Our Time. Ed. William H. Chafe and Harvard Sitkoff. 4th edition. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995. O’Brien, Tim. The Things They Carried. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1990. Schrag, Peter. Test of Loyalty: Daniel Ellsberg and the Rituals of the Secret Government. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1974.

Ancient Rome vs Ancient Greece

In Rome, there are three social classes, arranged according to wealth; Patricians, Plebeians, and Slaves. Patricians are the upper class citizens; they are very wealthy and highly educated. They make up the majority of the senate and therefore control the laws. Plebeians are the poor, lower-class citizens. They greatly outnumber the Patricians, make up most of the army, and pay most of the taxes. They are not allowed to marry Patricians or take part In government. Slaves are at the bottom of the Roman social order; they make up over 25% of Romeos population, and are essential to Its survival.Wealthy citizens often own many slaves, which they use to complete various tasks around the home. They consisted of prisoners of war, Plebeians whom were In debt, or children born of slaves. Slaves often work on farms, In mills, at shops, doing city construction, or are servants. Roman writer, Seneca, believes that masters should treat their slaves well, as a well-treated slave will work better f or a good master rather than Just doing enough begrudgingly for someone who mistreats their slaves.Slaves can receive freedom from their masters if they mom up with enough money, or are released upon the master's death. Women are not considered equal to men. Their primary duty is to care for their family. The amount of work that they do is correlated to the amount of wealth they have, with rich women usually having servants to do most of their work. Women from lower class families have to do daily chores on their own, or assisted by daughters. This usually includes washing dishes, sweeping floors, and cooking. Rome is home to some of the finest pieces of art in the world.This includes architecture, paintings, sculptures, and mosaics. The sculpture is the most important piece of artwork, with thousands of sculptures located all over Rome. If you're looking for entertainment, Roman citizens often gather in The Coliseum to see fights between gladiators, slaves, prisoners, and wild anim als. These fights are very violent, and therefore enjoyable. They only end when the loser is dead. Chariot racing at The Hippodrome is also very popular in Rome. The Coliseum, The Pantheon, and Circus Maximum, are mongo some of Romeos grandest buildings.Greece: The Greek social structure is broken Into three groups; citizens, emetics, and slaves. A citizen Is born of Athenian parents, and they are the most powerful group In Greece. After compulsory service In the army, they often became government officials, and took part in Jury service. A emetic Is of foreign birth and has migrated to Athens to trade or practice craft. They must pay taxes and are sometimes required to serve In the army, despite this, they can never achieve the full rights of a excellent. ThisIncludes the ability to own houses, and the ability to speak In court. Slaves were servants and laborers without any legal rights. Slaves can be prisoners of war, or bought from slave traders. These social statuses only apply to men, as women adopt their social status from their husband. Women In Greece are not permitted to take part in public life, making it a prime destination for the whole family! Greece is the sculpture is our preferred form of artistic expression, as it shows an expression of individuality, and the beauty of the human body.Aphids, Polytheists, and Myron are three of our most prized sculptures. One of the most distinguishable art feature of Greece, are our columns. They are crafted in three different styles; Doric is the simplest of these three styles. Ionic is thinner and more elegant with a scroll-like design. Corinthian is the rarest but most elaborate column, with many complex designs; it is often decorated with acanthus leaves. In Greece, there is no shortage of entertainment. We have invented the theatre, a place in which audiences come from all around to watch comedies or tragic plays.Greece is also home to the Olympic Games, the world's premier sport event. Held in honor of Z eus, athletes from around Greece compete in various events in front of thousands of spectators. There are also many marvelous building in Greece, such as The Parthenon, a temple overlooking Athens. The Erection is a temple north of the Acropolis, dedicated to Athena and Poseidon. The Temple of Olympian Zeus is a temple in the center of Athens, with enormous columns. Greece is the premier destination of the World, so why not come by?

Neorealist and Neo-Marxist Approaches to Globalization Essay

Neo-realism According to Jackson and Sorensen (2003), the leading contemporary neorealist thinker is undoubtedly Kenneth Waltz (1979). His starting point is taken from some elements of classical and neoclassical, such as independent state existing and performing in an anarchical international system. Waltz’s Theory of international Politics (1979) seeks to provide a scientific explanation of the international political system. A scientific theory of international relations leads us to expect the certain pattern that states to behave in predictable ways. In Waltz’s view the best IR theory is a neo-realist systems theory that focuses centrally on the structure of the system, on its interacting units, and on the continuities and changes of the system. In classical realism, state leaders and their subjective valuation of international relations are the center factor of valuation. In neorealism, however, the structure of the system, in particular the relative distribution of power, is t he central analytical focus. Actors are less important because structures oblige them to behave in certain ways. Structures more or less determine actions. Chris Brown (2001) in his book ‘Understanding International Relations’ states that once we concentrate on the system we can see, he suggests, that there are only two kinds of accessible system – a hierarchical or an anarchical system. The distinction between hierarchy and anarchy is crucial to Waltz; the present system, he claims, is obviously anarchical, and has been since its late medieval origins (Brown, 2001). In hierarchical system, different kinds of units are organized and adjusted under an absolute layer of authority. Meanwhile, in an anarchical system, units which are the same in nature, even though they differ severally in capabilities, operate relations with one another. States, to some extent, are alike in all basic functional respects. In spite of the difference in cultures or personnel or ideologies or constitution, they all perform the same basic tasks. All states have to collect taxes, conduct foreign policy, and so on. States significantly differ only in regard to their greatly varying capabilities. (Jackson and Sorensen, 2003) In their book ‘World politics in the 21st Century’, Duncan, Jancar-Webster and Switky (2006) stated that Waltz agrees that people by nature are self-fish and that they are driven by a hunger for power. But Waltz no longer considers power an end in itself. States, in his view, hunt power for the sake of survival. For Waltz, the single most important property of the international system is the unavailability of central governing institutions. Overall, neo-realists agree with the 3 following points stated. First, states stay the primary actors on the world stage. The main target of all states, however, is not power but survival in a ‘dog-eat-dog’ environment. Second, the primary difference between states is not different goals but their own particular capabilities to influence the course of international events. The last thing to note is neo-realists believe that the unequal distribution of capabilities characterizes the structure of the international system and shapes the ways states interact with one another. As stated above, Waltz takes classical and neoclassical realism as a starting point and develops some of its core ideas and assumptions. For example, he employs the concept of international anarchy and focuses absolutely on states. He also concentrates on the core feature of anarchical systems of state: power politics. He assumes that the key and necessary concern of states is security and survival. He also believes that the major problem of great-power conflict is war, and that the major task of international relations among the great powers is that of peace and security. In addition, with Waltz’s neorealist theory, decentralization of anarchical structure between states is the elemental characteristic of international relations. International change takes place when great powers rise and fall and followed by the shift in the balance of power (Jackson and Sorensen, 2003). The international system is a self-help system; states are obliged to look after themselves, because there is no one else to look after them. Waltz does not assume that states are pursuing the increase in their power and the importance of them between others states, necessarily aggressive body, but he does believe that they desire to preserve themselves. This means that they are obliged to be considered with their security, national defence and obliged to regard other states as potential threats (Brown, 2001). Waltz believes that bipolar systems provide more stability and thus provide a better guarantee of security and peace than multipolar systems. ‘With only two great powers, both can be expected to behave in a way to prolong the system’ (Waltz, 1979). That is because in maintaining the system they are maintaining themselves. According to that view, the Cold War was a period of international stability and peace. (Jackson and Sorensen, 2003) Neo-Marxism The writings of Karl Marx (1818-83), according to Mingst (1999), are fundamental to the Marxist school of thought, even though he did not directly state all the issues that are today encompassed by Marxism. The theory of Marx on the evolution of capitalism based on economic change and class conflict: the capitalism of nineteenth century Europe emerged out of the earlier feudal system. In capitalism, private interests control the labor forces and market exchanges, creating enslavement from which certain classes try to free themselves. A clash inevitably will rise between the controlling, capitalist bourgeois class and the controlled workers, called the proletariat. It is from this violent conflict that a new socialist order is born. Contemporary interpretations origin with the works of Marx, but they have developed ideas in quite different directions. Sociologist Immanuel Wallerstein (1930- ), for one, associates history and the rise of capitalism, in what is known as the world-capita list system perspective. Mingst (1999), claimed that at each stage of the historical progression, Wallerstein determines core geographic areas where developments is most advanced, the agriculture sector being able to support enough sustenance for the industrial workers. He identifies peripheral areas as well, where raw materials are extracted for the developed core and where unskilled labour is mired and suffer in less-productive activities. Thus, for Wallerstein and his enthusiasms, as for most Marxists, attention is embedded on the changes in the spreading phenomenon system of capitalism. No political configuration can be explained without reference to the elemental structure of capitalism: â€Å"if there is one thing which differentiates a world-system perspective from any other, it is its insistence that the unit of analysis is a world-system defined in terms of economic progressions and associations. Mingst (1999) also claims that another group of Marxists scholar assumes the primacy of economics for e xplaining almost all other phenomena. This clearly distinguishes Marxism from either realism or liberalism. For liberals, economic interdependence is one possible clarification for international cooperation, but only one among any other features. For realists and neo-realists, economics factors are one of the elements of power, one component of the international structure. In neither theory, though, is economics the determining factor. In Marxism, on the other hand, economic factors are believed to be primary importance. Antonio Gramsci (1891 – 1937) was a Sardinian and one of the founding members of the Italian Communist Party. Gramsci’s work has become particularly influential in the study of International Political Economy. Hobden and Jones (2008) have been discussed Gramsci’s legacy, and the work of Robert W. Cox, a contemporary theorist who has been influencing in introducing Gramsci’s work to an International Relations audience. Gramsci’s theory revolves around his use of the concept of hegemony. Neo-Gramscian international political economy presents the most prevailing Marxist theory in the contemporary international relations discourse. On Gramsci’s readings, consent is created and re-created by the hegemony of the ruling class in society. It is this hegemony that allows the noble, political and cultural values of the dominant group to become widely spread throughout society and to be accepted by subordinate groups and classes as their own. The concept of hegemony composes the central analytical category to understand history of world orders with a view to construct counter-hegemonic prescriptions against them. In contrast to realism, which introduce the definition of international hegemony based on the concentration of material power in one dominant state, neo-Gramscians claim that liberal international hegemonies are based on the universalization of particular state-society complexes, maint ained primarily by consensus establishment between hegemonic and hegemonized states, rather than on crude power politics alone (Reus-Smit and Snidal, 2010). Neo-Gramscian thought entered international relations primarily through the work of Robert Cox, who acquired categories of analysis from Gramsci’s writings and applied them to international relations. Hegemonic power is conceptualized as a ‘mutually irreducible configuration’ between different schools of thought, beliefs, institutions, and material capacities that are widely agreed as legitimate. Social forces, states and world orders are inter-connected as dialectical wholes, bound together in world hegemonies. (Reus-Smit and Snidal, 2010). The person who has done the most to introduce Gramsci to the study of world politics is the Canadian scholar Robert X. Cox. (Hobden and Jones, 2008). He has developed a Gramscian access that involves both a critique of prevailing theories of International Relations and International Political Economy, and the development of an alternative scheme for the analysis of world politics. Cox draws upon Gramsci’s notion of hegemony and transposes it to the international dimension, arguing that hegemony is as important for maintaining stability and continuity here as it is at domestic level. According to Cox, successive dominant powers in the international system fulfill their interests by shaping a world order that suits them, and have done so not only as a result of their forceful capabilities, but also because they have managed to introduce broad consent for that order even among those who are disadvantaged by it (Hobden and Jones, 2008). The neo-neo beliefs on globalisation According to Marxist theorists, the globe has long been dominated by the single integrated economic and political substances – a global capitalist system – which has constantly incorporated all of humanity within its grasps. Within this system, all components have always been interdependent and interrelated. The increasing of multinational corporations surely does not signify any noticeable change in the structure of the modern capitalist system. Rather, they establish part of a long-term pattern towards the further integration of the global economy. The understanding offered by the Marxist theorists suggests that there isn’t anything natural or inevitable about a world order based on a global market. Rather than accepting the inevitability of the present order, the task facing us is to lay the constructions for a new way of organizing society – ‘a global society which is more just and more human than our own’. (Hobden and Jones, 2008) Most neo-realists believe that globalization has not changed the game of international politics much at all. States might require more expertise and resources to maintain their sovereignty, but neo-realists think most evidence suggests that states are increasing their spending over a wide variety of areas. Waltz (2000) recognizes that state remains the primary force in international relations and has spread its power to efficiently manage the processes of globalization. What neo-realists are most concerned with is the new security challenges demonstrated by globalization. Neo-realists are considering the uneven nature of economic globalization. Inequality in the international system may be the most significant security threat in the future. People without food are desperate to seek change, and often that will be a violent change. Economic globalization can also emphasize existing differences in societies, creating instability in strategic areas, thereby challenging world order. Another group of neo-realists would react that forces of globalization might challenge sovereignty. Nonetheless, states have not lost their authority and control. Yet, globalization has had a significant influence on domestic politics and the present power structures. (Lamy, 2008) References Brown, C. (2001) Understanding International Relations. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Duncan, W. R., Jancar-Webster, B. and Switky, B. (2006) World Politics in the 21st Century. London: Pearson Longman Hobden, S. and Jones, R. W. (2008) ‘Marxist theories of international relations’ in J. Baylis, S. Smith and P. Owens, The globalization of world politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 144-57. Jackson, R. and Sorensen, G. (2003) Introduction to International Relations: Theories and Approaches. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Lamy, S. L. (2008) ‘Contemporary mainstream approaches: neo-realism and neo-liberalism’ in J. Baylis, S. Smith and P. Owens, The globalization of world politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 126-37. Mingst, K. (1999) Essentials of International Relations. London: Norton & Company Ltd. Reus-Smit, C. and Snidal, D. (2010) The Oxford Handbook of International relations. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Waltz, K. N. (1979) The ory of International Politics. London: McGraw-Hill. Waltz, K. N. (2000) ‘Globalization and American Power’, The National Interest, 59 (Spring): 46-56.

Learning Intelligences

Learning Intelligences Free Online Research Papers Many people can have an intelligence that even they didn’t know about. At literacyworks.org anyone could take a quiz-like assessment to find their own academic strengths. There are many different types of strengths that you could get. Some of them are Spatial, Logic/Math, Nature, and Self, just to name a few. I took this quiz and discovered that I have some strengths that I didn’t know about. My three highest strengths are body movement, social, and musical. The assessment said that my highest intelligence was body movement. I agree with this as one of my strengths because I know that I learn stuff easier if I put body movement into it because it makes it more fun and encourages me to keep playing AND learning. I also agree with body movement as being my highest strength because to do sports I have to keep my grades up; so sports push me to do so. I agree with social as also being one of my strengths because I’m relatively good at talking with people and sometimes do it too frequently. I also agree because I am really good at fighting with people. I’ve also thought of being on a debate team or being a lawyer because of my chatterbox. I lastly agree with this because I love talking to new and old people and making new friends which shows how social I am. Last but not least, my final top third strength is musical. As usual, I agree with this as being my third highest strength because I listen to music 24/7, well outside of school of course. I also think that this is correct because I have quite good rhythm for an Asian girl and I memorize songs very easily which could come in handy some day in the future. Sometimes it may not take an assessment to determine what your strengths are but it can help do so. My personal best strengths are first body movement, second social, and third musical. Research Papers on Learning IntelligencesAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaHip-Hop is ArtThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsTrailblazing by Eric AndersonThree Concepts of PsychodynamicAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfResearch Process Part OneThe Spring and AutumnBringing Democracy to Africa

Write the Ideal Essay of the American Dream

Write the Ideal Essay of the American Dream Living The American Dream: Extraordinary Concepts That Can Assist All Learners Picking an extraordinary subject for the American dream article is a standout among the best techniques to utilize. However, you have to investigate it cautiously. Continue with this scholastic task by reflecting alternate points of view. Structure your American dream article in the wake of becoming familiar with the way of life, life, and social patterns of this strong nation. It ought to incorporate your solid proposition proclamation that presents key perspectives. Direct your inside and out research dependent on many fascinating measurements and thoughts identified with the American dream idea to inspire educators or teachers. Step by step instructions to compose the best American dream article Consider these imperative components when composing the American dream exposition: Sort out intriguing and reasonable American dream paper points to pick a decent one for your bit of composing; Use your productive expository aptitudes to outline a solid postulation proclamation; Write a different area with the meanings of imperative terms; Use pertinent statements to make your paper all the more engaging students; In a closing section, entirety up significant subtleties and repeat your proposal. How to make the American dream paper layout? Make the American dream article diagram by posting a subject sentence of each passage since its a basic method to guarantee that all areas will fill their particular needs. Dont hesitate to wipe out or join potential areas while plotting. That is because the primary draft may contain dreary thoughts or actualities that negatively affect the focal contention of your article about the American dream. If you have any issues with updating it, your framework offers an effective method to recognize the feeble and solid sides of your scholastic paper. How to compose the American dream article presentation An early on section gets ready learners for your significant contention. It should begin with a discourse of your picked American dream subject and offer to set to set them up for your theory explanation, which comes toward the finish of this area and states the focal contention or reason for the whole paper briefly and unmistakably. The presentation plans learners for your announcement. Content Sections Your task concerning the dream of America ought to contain the fundamental content with these essential components: Each passage needs a different theme sentence that presents its significant thought; Put enough proof, for example; master sites, insights, actualities, and other information to demonstrate it; A closing sentence should aggregate up all subtleties and incorporate smooth changes. The dream of America article end The American dream article end should both rehash your significant case and establish a link to a more extensive dialog. To do this, one should return to a postulation articulation and spotlight on completing your task by ignoring significant remarks, posing an additional report, or including a suggestion to take action rather than just repeating all focuses in the finish of your dream of America article. Why utilize a snare for American dream article? Contemplate the introductory sentence of your bit of composing as an appealing snare that catches students eye and enables you to roll them into the article. A snare for American dream exposition can be as provocative inquiries, intriguing statements, engaging accounts, little-known actualities, measurements, or whatever else. How to pick great American dream exposition themes? Many fascinating thoughts worry the American dream. However, its hard and befuddling to pick the best one. Search for something intriguing and a particular kind. Contemplate about the supplementary derelict of valuable recommendations. Normal subjects to expound on the dream of America Understanding the paper on the dream of America; Whether individuals need to pass judgment on how others accomplish their American dream; The Prodigious Gatsby dream of America article; A specific age of individuals who operated a great deal to ensure their dream of America materialize; Does the dream of America still live exposition today; Share your genuine belief regarding the dream of America; Is the American dream feasible exposition? Account and engaging themes for your American vision article Select an actual existence occasion or achievement that is a piece of the American vision; Explain to students how it resembles for foreigners to accomplish their American dream; Describe any individual youre acquainted with who made it work out as expected; Share your sentiment if the American dream’s merits seeking after. What are thoughts for school and secondary school understudies? Prejudices that demolished the American Dream; If its conceivable to resuscitate the first American Dream; The enhancement of the American Dream; True recipients of the American Dream; If the American vision is a false notion. In case youre attempting to expound on the American dream, use models underneath. If they arent sufficient to draft an ideal paper, get our expert help and request excellent custom composition administrations. Contract our accomplished creators to succeed. The understanding of the American dream paper The American vision has dependably been an imperative piece of the way of life and civilization in America. Regardless it stays applicable in present day times. The dream of America merits referencing that individuals cant quantify its roots on what they possess since they have to apply its standards to social issues and patterns. The initial segment is the fantasy of wealth. Its about the capacity to be loaded up with material merchandise. Numerous different nations begrudge a country or shoppers and makers because just a couple of them can coordinate the sheer scope of merchandise that America makes. Consider the fantasy of majority rule government and equivalent rights. This idea is about individuals capacity to purchase merchandise, paying little respect to their identity and where theyre from, and it connects back to their sacred rights. The fantasy of opportunity of decision is another critical part. It binds back to the constitution of the state that enables individuals to pick their very own ways of life, utilize distinctive merchandise, and discover the opportunity to become the people they want to become. Remember about the fantasy of curiosity. Its about the idea of a widening of the purchase decision, and it haggy affects the American culture today. Current abilities on interest continue changing after some time. Its a bit much for individuals to work in explicit regions to get along in their lives since they can make sure that theres dependably an interest to specialty aptitudes to furnish them with increased opportunities of the decision. The structure is huge for the American vision since it wouldnt have the capacity to drive forward without this authoritative record. These days, the American vision remains applicable. How individuals make it work out change, yet its essential standards continue as before, and the principle contrast is that youngsters pick advancement strategies to approach their interest. The American vision is an image of success. Does the American dream still exist paper today? A few people contend if the American dream remains realistic and alive. They all have one of a kind qualities and lives. This implies individuals have distinctive meanings of the American dream. One of the principal reasons why its flourishing is that there exist unlimited open doors that individuals get once a day. Numerous state-funded schools furnish their understudies with the devices and strategies they need to prosper, so its possibly up to them if to utilize them to accomplish life objectives or not. An additional fact that justifies America vision that individuals have several opportunities of job disposed to them. However, in the end, not everybody becomes a popular doctor or lawyer, though all of them can be prosperous and earn their livelihood. There are a lot of opportunities available in the world. There is a wide range of jobs to select from, like engineers, lab workers, technicians, electricians, apprentices, and construction laborers among others. There is no need of going to a training college. Several prosperous and successful individuals did not acquire a college degree, and this did not prevent them from ensuring their dream of America came true. What makes individuals have a feeling that the dream is not true today? A large number of individuals think in this manner at the end because of the influence the economy has on them. America is known to have a slower growth rate of the economy and weaker employment markets, and this is the reason most profits from interest rates are not disclosed to the public. National borrowing of the country is a bit high that is another factor that contributes, though it leads to increased taxes that enable the government to collect increased revenue. The basic undesirable influence of the national borrowing is intensifying inflation. Notably, it can result in a decreased living standard. Regardless of the undesirable patterns that have been mentioned above, desirable factors and concepts are attesting that the dream of America is still alive in the contemporary world. Several individuals relentlessly pursue it for diverse purposes. Some individuals want it for their happiness, whereas others opt to become wealthy or accomplish other goals of life.

Race in your community Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Race in your community - Research Paper Example I am a black male who was born in a developed country. As I was growing up, I noticed that my neighbors and friends had the same moral standards and beliefs. Many Caucasians and a few Hispanics and Asians were part of the community as well. In my family, I was taught that all people should be respected and treated as equals. Most of the people in my community lived well together and were not racist. There were also a few adopted children from Africa who we would play games like baseball with. While growing up, we did not look at the color of skin or one’s race. We were close friends who had sleepovers, played video games together and ate at each other’s houses. We also did outdoor activities like going fishing, playing football and playing tennis, just like any other normal children. When we misbehaved either at school or at home, our teachers, parents or the parents of our friends would punish us by whopping our butts. We were taught to say respectful words like Ã¢â‚¬Ë œthank you’ and ‘please’. Insecurity was not a problem, and therefore we would leave the door to the house unlocked when we left the house or went to sleep. If a friend had not finished their chores such as cleaning their room or taking out the trash, we would help them. Being a small community, the local paper definitely represented the people and the activities that went on in the community. The local paper and the local television and radio stations reported on the good and bad activities that were going on. The local papers, television and radio stations reported on the local weather. Sometimes, the children from the community were involved by the media in that the radio and television stations would let the kids report on the weather. There was no racial bias in selecting the children who would report the weather. My community is the best place to raise a child, because the people are hospitable, kind and helpful. Even as minorities, I, as well as the minority Hispanics and

Validity and Reliability; Which is More Important in Today's High Research Paper

Validity and Reliability; Which is More Important in Today's High Stakes Testing - Research Paper Example While high-stakes testing may return similar outcomes in the tests of different students, which is an element of reliability, one might wonder whether it is reliability that America really needs. In this regard, it is necessary to examine the validity, where this paper proposes that validity is more important as far as this testing approach is concerned. Validity has been defined as the extent to which a test measures what it is meant to measure. If a test is valid, it measures exactly what it is meant to measure as purely as not to, by chance, influence any other factors. With validity, focus is not precisely on the scores measured, but on the inferences that one is able to deduce from the instruments. As such, the inferences made from a valid test are supposed to be â€Å"suitable, meaningful, and useful† (Lang & Wilkerson, 2008). This is the complex link that sheds clean light on the clear distinction between validity and reliability. In other words, as one would infer, it is possible for a testing instrument to measure something apart from the construct that it was supposed to measure, and do it reliably. On the other hand, a measure that is not reliable can never be said to be valid. In this light, reliability is quite necessary a measure, but it is quite inadequate in relation to validity – a valid instrument, therefore, has to be reliable, which a reliable instrument does not have to be valid. In testing, it is a common understanding that based on the aforementioned relationship, violations of validity are expected to have more severe impacts, as compared to reliability. One would, therefore, agree that validity is more complex and important an instrument that reliability and is less understood compared to the latter. In addition, it cannot be substantiated by any one statistic. Having mentioned that, it is important to discuss the important

Consumer law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Consumer law - Essay Example You must take it in the condition in which you found it. This statement by itself does not shield the seller from liability. Under section 6(2)(a) of the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977, as against a person dealing as consumer, liability for breach of the obligations arising from section 13, 14 or 15 of the 1979 Act (seller’s implied undertakings as to conformity of goods with description or sample, or as to their quality or fitness for a particular purpose); cannot be excluded or restricted by reference to any contract term. Dealing as a Consumer is defined under section 12 of the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977.1 An individual deals as a consumer when he neither makes the contract in the course of a business nor holds himself out as doing so the other party does make the contract in the course of a business. The second hand good was not bought in a public auction, and therefore the burden of proving that the purchase was not made as a consumer lies on the seller either because the seller did not sell in the course of business or the buyer did buy or held out to buy in the course of business. The mere fact that Andy had paid the purchase price from his business account does not lead to a conclusion that he was dealing in the course of business and not as a consumer. In fact, his intention was to use the car principally for shopping and collecting the children from school but he did expect occasionally to use it in his business for urgent collections and deliveries of materials. Under section 14(2A) of the 1979 Act, goods are of satisfactory quality if they meet the standard that a reasonable person would regard as satisfactory, taking account of any description of the goods, the price (if relevant) and all the other relevant circumstances. Furthermore, under section 14(2B), the quality of goods includes their state and condition and the following (among others) are in appropriate cases aspects of the quality of goods— The description of the

The impact of change on the travel and tourism sector

The impact of change on the travel and tourism sector Analyze the impacts of issues and trends that drive change in the travel and tourism sector Due to the current trends and issues causing change in the travel and tourism sector, the businesses have to adapt to the changes and redesign their products and services. Many changes brought by globalization, technology, world political changes, economics changes and people attitude towards tourism have reshaped the industry altogether. The impacts of these trends and changed can be described below in the context of a major tourism brands. Due to the ageing of the population tourism, businesses are bound to hire older workers. Young people are more qualified and not willing to join the industry due to poor working conditions. Older people are less mobile and more demanding which will have impacts on wage rates and other costs to maintain staff. Lifestyles of the people have changed and their attitude towards tourism services has changed a great deal. People are more demanding and more price conscious now. Firms must cut costs and their profits in order to survive in a more competitive environment now. Technology have helped businesses cut down costs as it has enabled management to manage their resources efficiently and have reduced spare capacity. The increased use of telephone, 3G mobile and internet has helped consumers to access information regarding prices and value for money. This has resulted in a more intense competition. Hotels are responding to the situation by recruiting staff that have skills in information and communication technology. Outsourcing is a key phenomenon in the modern tourism industry. Different products esp. food is obtained from other producers and it’s hard to explain the origin of the food to consumers plus it puts an extra push on the costs involved. Globalization has not only benefited the tourism industry in terms of more revenue and clients but it has also been a sole reason for cheap skilled labor. Skilled labor from poorer regions can be attracted to the industry at relatively cheaper rates which would result in lower employment cost for hotels and catering industry. Globalization also provides this wonderful opportunity to exploit economies of scale. Globalization can cause homogenization in services which might not be good from the customer’s perspective but brand names do ensure higher product quality. Skills gap in the industry is adversely affecting the quality of services. Firms are in a position to charge prices of their own choice in such circumstances. However companies are finding a solution to the issue by providing on-job trainings or paying handsome wages to skillful workers and thus attracting more customers. However the wage rates are mostly affected by the local economic and industrial condition and educational level of the locality as well. Hotel industry is greatly affected by the changes in law as well over the last few years. There is a strong emphasis on working time regulations, minimum wage laws and other working conditions regulations. Laws banning smoking in public places and restaurants etc. are also have impacts in the tourism business. Hotels are now seeking cost effective labor and are more into application of technology. Government and other regulatory authorities are putting more and more pressure on catering firms now to take great care of hygiene and other food related issues. Greater awareness among the consumers related to diet and health have forced the catering businesses and restaurants to reduce the use of sugar and salt in their food. Due to the increased number of obesity cases, consumers are more conscious about the fats and calories rather than just taste. Customers want to know about the origin of the food as well. There is increased food labeling and more information is provided and displayed for the customers regarding the food and its ingredients. There is a great demand for food to be produced in a socially responsible way and this is helping in promoting good practices in the industry. The tourism industry faced a serious setback after the incident of 9/11. The US war on terror and the Iraq war changed the entire industry all together. Many incident s of attacks on tourists, kidnapping for ransom and other political gains were witnessed which created a sense of insecurity among the tourists. Many countries and regions were declared unsafe for tourists. Apart from US, many other cities in Europe and UK were also the victims of terrorism. Madrid and the London bombing somehow created this perception among the tourists that EU member states were the targets of the terrorists. The impact of this is likely to be long term as it will take a long time to restore the confidence of the tourists. Due to this lack of confidence the tourism industry has lost a lot of business and there is a serious decline in investment in this sector. Working conditions have deteriorated and level of employment is showing a downward trend. 4.2 Discuss the likely consequences of businesses failing to respond to market changes Many different businesses are facing many changes in the market. Such changes are economic, social, political and behavioral changes. Tourism industry is not an exception either. Over the last couple of decades the tourism industry has seen a tremendous amount of change and companies are always advised to adapt to these changes. Appropriate strategy and planning can make a company successful and make these changes as an opportunity rather than a threat. However, companies which are not being able to respond to these are likely to face many different failures and problems which are described below. Loss in Sales Revenues Companies which are unable to respond to changes in the market, they are most likely to lose customers and revenues. Due to increased competition and market forces, tourism businesses are bound to charge a low price and earn little profit margin so any failure to adapt to market changes are most likely to cause losses financially. Technology can save a great deal in this regard. Technology not only helps the industry to market their products but also helps in the reduction of labor costs. Different computer applications have made it possible to access and receive information and help in decision making process. A company is most likely to suffer a great deal if it’s unable to adapt to these technological changes. Loss of Competitive Edge As a famous saying goes â€Å"competition improves services†. Tourism industry is facing a strict competition and different businesses related to the industry are bound to cut down costs and still provide best quality services. By the proper change management strategy, businesses can obtain competitive edge over other competitors. The proper use of technology, hiring the skilled labor and other value added services can not only attract more customers but also be a cause of more market share. Failure to adapt to these trends and changes can be a reason of loss of competitive edge. Loss of Goodwill A business is most likely to damage its reputation in case of failure to adapt to changes and recent trends. A tourism business unable to provide valued services to its customers at reasonable price is surely going to lose its customers. Recent trends have shown that customers are most into green products and the hotels and catering industry are affected by this change a great deal. Hotels are expected to operate in an environment friendly manner and promote green practices. However if the businesses are unable to adapt to this, they are going to lose face in this changing market. Regulatory Issues Hotels, restaurants and catering businesses are bound to provide information regarding its products due to increased awareness among customers regarding food and its contents. Products labeling esp. in case of the catering industry has changed a great deal due to this trend. On the other hand there are now more regulations and laws related to the food industry. Use of some chemicals and other ingredients in the food products are banned. Smoking in restaurants and public places is not allowed. Similarly food businesses are properly inspected and regulated now. If restaurants and catering businesses do not take into account all these factors they might be facing some serious regulatory actions in many cases. There are some cases recently where the customers have sued the hotels and restaurants for food related issues. Government regulatory authorities also keep a check on this industry so any negligence in this aspect can be a cause of some serious consequences as well. Growth Issues A company will not be able to grow and expand its business if it is unable to adapt to changes and trends. Tourism businesses must hire human resource with good knowledge of the technology and customers service needs. Use of the technology and skillful labor helps in cutting down costs. Companies in tourism industry must also work in an environment social friendly manner because consumers are more aware and conscious now regarding environmental and social issues. They prefer to go for green products and thus can provide a competitive edge to the business. Failure to adapt to these changes and trends will result in decline in the revenue and thus growth will not be possible. References: http://www.tourismandmore.com/tidbits/confronting-change-in-the-tourism-industry/ http://www.tourismandmore.com/tidbits/why-tourism-industries-fail-part-1/

Free College Essays - Symbols of Her Crime in Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter :: Scarlet Letter essays

The Scarlet Letter - Two Symbols of Her Crime â€Å"It lies not in the pleasure of the magistrates to take off this badge,† calmly replied Hester. â€Å"Were I worthy to be quit of it, it would fall away of its own nature, or be transformed into something that should speak a different purport.† (163) Hester Prynne, the central character in the Scarlet Letter, realizes and accepts the consequences of the adulterous act she committed against her husband, Roger Chillingworth, as Hawthorne shows in this quotation. Hester, throughout the book, excludes and humbles herself because of her crime, rather than simply running away. At the same time, she advertises her sin through the brilliantly embroidered â€Å"A† and through her daughter, Pearl, born out of this sin. Hester realizes that she indeed sinned in committing adultery, and, being the strong individual that she is, accepts the consequences of her actions. In fact, much of the suffering incurred from Hester’s sin results from her own actions. She, by her own choice, wears humble, dismal clothes; she moves to the outskirts of her town, but refuses to run away to a place where no one knows of her crime; she excludes herself from society, while society does not always exclude her. Instead of escaping her crime, Hester embraces it. She declares, â€Å"It lies not in the pleasure of the magistrates to take off this badge... Were I worthy to be quit of it, it would fall away of its own nature, or be transformed into something that should speak a different purport,† realizing the crime she committed and the fairness of her punishment—the scarlet letter (163). Hester goes so far as to dwell upon the letter as a symbol of her guilt. The brilliant crimson â€Å"A† resides on her humbly clothed chest, making the letter stand out all the more; Pearl, the child of sin, runs beside her mother, dressed in spectacular clothing â€Å"abundantly embroidered with fantasies and flourishes of gold thread,† in effect, personifying that same symbol (102). In each case, Hester advertises the fact that she has sinned and that she is paying for her crime, again bring more suffering upon herself. And again, she accepts it. She realizes the letter should only be removed when she is no longer guilty of her crime. She knows, therefore, that day will never come. Society, however, thinks differently.

The Culling – Creative Writing

‘Dear God†¦' the mayor screamed, as he crawled out from under his desk and pulled open the draw to reveal a steel dagger point, ‘†¦forgive me,' he cried as he charged at the beast's stomach. The only spectator, a smartly dressed Indian who sat like a statue in the shadows at the back of the hall. The hideous beast knocked the weapon from his attacker's hand and leapt onto the mayor's back. Though well built, the mayor's struggles were no match for the beast, and he soon crashed to the floor under the immense weight. ‘I had a wife and child,' He begged for mercy as the snarling beast rammed his face into the blood-smeared floor, snapping his jaw in two. ‘So did my father, sir.' The Indian reminded the dying man, still there at the back of the hall but with a voice that boomed. ‘But†¦' the mayor begged for help from the Indian one last time, though his plea was unheard mainly because of the fact the mayor had a mouthful of blood and broken teeth. The mayor stared at the severed head of a pretty young female; whose body still sat upright over in the line of chairs. Mirrored in her eyes he could see the destruction of all those who he had known. The pretty girl had been the first to die, and he would be the last. Something punctured the side of the mayor's neck; he felt like he was drowning as his lungs filled with blood. He was left to watch the girl's face sink into blackness as his light was snuffed out in the bloodiest of ways. The Indian sat emotionless, his white suit unmarked despite the destruction which had unfolded in front of him. He watched the beast play with the dead mayor like a rag doll, and listened to its screams of pleasure, he had watched the carnage without any remorse. These people had driven his ancestors off their land and murdered his family, this was the only way in which their souls would be put at rest. When the beast ripped out the still warm heart of the Mayors did he allow a smile of satisfaction, then a command for the organ to be crushed. From his pocket, the Indian pulled out a charm which was small, black, and made from some sort of stone it was also in the rough shape of the beast itself. ‘Fugue Santen†¦' He began to chant in his ancient tongue, the beast stood still. The Indian rose from his chair and made his way through the bodies towards the beast. ‘Lasa imenzes†¦' his voice filled the hall as he worked the ancient magic with his chants. He held the amulet in front of him, staring up into the eyes of the beast, which then turned to walk toward the Indian, towering head and shoulders above the Indian, unable to avoid the Indians hypnotic stare. The Indian had finished his spell. The town hall was silent once again but suddenly, a blinding flash of the most immense light came from the charm the indian had in his hand. The light blinded the beast with its beauty. The beast raised its arms in front of its face in defence, and then slowly the beast dropped onto its knees and began to walk on all fours back toward the wooden carving from which it had sprung to life. The Indian sighed and knew he had to work fast to collect the souls of his victims, which hovered in the attic above him. Until the last soul had been captured the Indians quest for vengeance would not be over. He left the mayors soul till last for the Mayor had been his main target. The Mayor had been the instrument of the death from which the order for his family's death had come. The charm warm in his palm, soon grew uncomfortably hot as he used its powers to collect the souls of his victims, he needed to avenge his family who had been murdered by the hand of the settlers less than half a century ago. So called men of God, who had slain his family and left him to starve in the mountains. He would have starved, had it not been for the witch who had found him and looked after him as her own, while also teaching him the ancient native Indian magic needed to avenge his family's death. Now the act of revenge was complete, the Indian had no purpose in life, his goal had been accomplished. The Indian knelt down on the steps leading up to the town hall, pulled out the sacrificial knife which his ancestors had once used and gave up his life in the hope he would once again be reunited with the souls of his ancestors. As the Indians blood dripped down the steps, his spirit soared as it was reunited with his brothers and sisters. Earlier†¦ The Mayor waited for quiet, noting the next number on the item list. As the labourer wheeled the small wooden crate into the crowded village hall the crowd fell silent. â€Å"the vengeful guardian.† he introduced the item to the bidders as the man opened the hinged crate to reveal the impressive carving within. ‘A fine example of a early Native American Indian carvings.' The Mayor paused to read the description of the item; ‘Hand carved from forest Cedar.' An amused look came upon the mayors face, ‘I wouldn't want to wake him with insults, so we'll start the bidding at five hundred dollars. Do I see five hundred and ten?' the mayor asked, he scanned the faces of the townsfolk, their eyes still fixed on the carving. The Mayor noticed that a crack had appeared on the carving it ran straight down the middle. Suddenly a beam shot out of the crack, splitting the carving straight in two. Women began to scream people ran for the exits, but the doors were locked. Meanwhile, at the back of the hall an Indian man in a suit finished his pipe, then quietly moved in to the shadows behind him. His whispered chants going unnoticed as he began to rub at an object inside his jacket pocket. The first victim of the beast was the girl nearest, a beautiful young girl. She was in shock unable to move as the beast swung its razor sharp claws and severed the girl's head in one deadly accurate blow. The Indian was amused when watching the townsfolk and their feeble efforts to escape their inevitable doom†¦

American National Standards Institute

In every database project, there would always be requirements for the implementation of its data model. For it to work well and test its functionality, a data value might be needed. This data value will assume a value that is unknown. In relational databases, SQL server uses a placeholder called NULL that resembles unknowns. NULL sets parameters so some data modelers can avoid using it. However, just like any other technology, complications would always arise. One of these is an argument whether it’s good to use NULL or not.NULL is a condition, apart from being unknown (Poolet, 2006). However, along with its many uses are issues supported by some books that suggest minimization of using NULL. There are also a few authors who came to a point of telling to never declare a column NULL. According to them, declaring a column null would mean minor additional overhead on SQL server. Also, you must see to it that you have accounted for the NULL condition in any program that will gain access to the database most especially to those programming languages that would flag null as an error condition.The issues, however, do not necessarily suggest to avoid the use of NULL. In the first place, NULL values are created for purpose. It expresses an unknown condition that is valid. The American National Standards Institute, the provider of standardization system in USA, is supporting the use of NULL instead of empty strings. Thus, the use of NULL is just a matter of choice. References Poolet, M. A. (2006, May) Designing for Performance: Null or Not Null? SQL Server Magazine, pg. 31 American National Standards Institute The American National Standards Institute is an organization that is instrumental in evaluating conformance in relation to customary setups. Their management systems related to standardization are reflected in their environmental parameters in ISO 14000 and quality based parameters such as ISO 9000. In general terms the mission of ANSI can be enumerated as an operation that is constructed to enhance the basic competitiveness of both national and global business.This helps to maintain the integrity of the US business in a voluntary consensus manner that ultimately projects the face of the US to the world as this depicts the quality of life in the United States. (Lamb, 243) It could be mentioned in this context that the system of voluntary standard and the ANSI is a very dynamic process. The initial need of this organization can be traced back to 1911 when industrial conflicts in relation to waste and duplications became a major issue.During this period in 1916 five major bodies of Ame rica came together to form a common nation body that was to look after and coordinate the standardization process. These eminent bodies are ASTM or the American Society for Testing Materials, AIMME or the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, ASCE or the American Society of Civil Engineers, ASME or the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and the most important of all the American Institute of Electrical Engineers. They together formed a core unit to overlook the process but soon enough the need of a separate unit or organization became obvious.Thus the AESE or the American Engineering Standards Committee was founded within the next two tears. Later this organization was redesigned and named ANSI or the American National Standards Institute. (Kar, 147) It should be remembered that the ANSI is also affiliated with the ISO or International Organization for Standardization where it represents the US officially. It is also affiliated with the IEC or the Internati onal Electrotechnical Commission. However, this affiliation is made via the National Committee of the United States.Furthermore, the American National Standards Institute is also the member of the IAF or the much important International Accreditation Forum. In the regional sector ANSI is an active member of the PASC or the Pacific Area Standards Congress and it represents the United States and also hold an important portfolio as a member in the COPANT or the Pan American Standards Commission. It is a very important part of the PAC or the Pacific Accreditation Cooperation too and is extremely instrumental in the decision making machineries of the IAAC or Inter American Accreditation Cooperation.However, it should be mentioned that the activities of ANSI in this sector is mostly done via ANAB or the ANSI-ASQ National Accreditation Board. (Kar, 148) The standardization process of the ANSI follows a strict mode of hallmark. Firstly, agreement by an assembly of eminent position holders a re taken into consideration who are granted as able representatives of interested bodies and those who are affected materially. Secondly, draft standards are prepared based on comments and public review that is predominantly broad based.Thirdly, the voting members evaluate and analyze the topic in concern and then after thorough consideration the response is taken into account. The fourth phase starts with the process of incorporation of the changes agreed upon in relation to the requirements of the consensus and in accordance to the standard of the initial draft. The fifth and the last phase deal with the process of development of standard where appeal could be put forward in relation to review of the entire process, if necessary. (Lamb, 245)In conclusion it should be mentioned that the ANSI was founded on 19th October, 1918 and holds a legal status that indicates it belongs to non profit institution and private firm under 501(c) 3. (King, 30)The head office of ANSI is situated in Washington, DC. The present Chairman of ANSI is Robert W. Noth and the president is Joe Bhatia. (King, 28) According to the current profile of ANSI the organization has a total workforce of more than 85 full time employees and the annual budget of the organization is about $22 million.(King, 29) The organization runs on membership and its members are individuals, International bodies, academic bodies, Companies, Organizations and most of all Government agencies. At present date the ANSI is the representative of about 4 million professionals and 125000 companies. (King, 27) References: Kar, P; History of Technology and related applications. (Kolkata: Dasgupta & Chatterjee 2001) pp 147-8 King, H; The ANSI Today. (Chennai: HBT & Brooks Ltd. 2006) pp 27-30 Lamb, Davis; Cult to Culture: The Development of Civilization on the Strategic Strata. (Delhi: National Book Trust. 2004) pp 243-245

Human Resource Management in Business Context Essays

Human Resource Management in Business Context Essays Human Resource Management in Business Context Essay Human Resource Management in Business Context Essay â€Å"Performance bonuses offer a win-win gain to both organisations and employees. Discuss, making reference to both theory and case examples† Introduction Is performance related pay (PRP) really a motivator for employees and is it an effective way for organisations to gain and retain high performing staff. This is questionable especially as organisations differ in size, organisational culture (therefore differing needs), the ability and/or resources to manage an effective process to support PRP. This study will explore whether performance bonuses offer a win-win for both the organisation and the employees, using primarily the public sector, with reference to the private sector. â€Å"PRP was the ‘big idea’ of the1980s, embraced enthusiastically by many employers as the holy grail of driving high performance† as stated by CIPD (2010). Today it is seen as more than just a tool to drive performance; organisations are using PRP to link individual performance to business objectives and gain commitment. Strategic Alignment Business strategy is a key driver for organisations in the private sector as it provides them with competitive advantage, therefore they have the need to retain and motivate employees to perform against their objectives. The public sector, on the other hand, has the need to align staff commitment to deliver local government agendas. In order for the business strategy to be effective employers need to ensure that employees are committed and motivated to achieving the organisation goals, but as we can see these goals can vary depending on the sector and more so, on what the organisation is trying to achieve. So organisations need to identify a pay strategy, which helps them to align the objectives with their employees. The question is, does PRP work for both sectors in motivating employees? In the private sector the pay determination is generally determined by management with the notion that if individuals perform well against their KPI’s (key performance indicators) they will be rewarded with a bonus based on the market worth and the success of the business. However the public sector, in many cases, still remains to have a pre-determined pay structure with incremental pay progression and grading systems as shown in the example for Slough Borough Council in appendix 1. Old pay and new pay are concepts that are used to distinguish between contemporary and traditional reward systems (Gilmore pg 171). The local authority, Slough Borough Council use the old pay system. Graded pay is not particular motivating as everyone gets it and the incremental increase is not of a substantial amount to gain higher performance from staff. Therefore, the question has to be asked, whether it would be beneficial for the public sector to introduce PRP? Richard Crouch, head of HR and organisational development at Somerset County Council, warned performance-related pay could encourage the pay bill to creep up in the long-term and there would be a substantial cost in administering and applying performance-related pay in the public sector to reduce its subjectivity because government work would not be easy to measure (Barker, 2010:1). This highlights a number of issues particularly the fact with spending cuts becoming an ever-increasing need, this sector cannot afford to implement PRP. Furthermore, a pay strategy including PRP would push staff to work towards targets rather than focusing on providing a good public service, which is primarily the objective of the public sector. Although financial rewards in this setting could help employees to work more effectively rather than to work harder, by encouraging employees to focus on key objectives, lets face it, if people were primarily interested in financial rewards they would not have joined this sector. Making a difference to other peoples lives and the surrounding environment is more important. Additional, it would be very difficult to measure performance; for example, ways of measuring the service a teacher or a nurse provides are very difficult in comparison to that of someone who has set, clear deliverable targets such as achieving sales, gaining new business or increasing footfall. Intangible services are much harder to quantify. Performance Management Cycle Key performance indicators (KPIs) are formed as part of the performance and appraisal process to measure the output of an individual. The performance appraisal allows a comparison to be made of the actual performance against expected performance (KPIs), which is linked to feedback and whether the individual has warranted a reward. However, there are many potential problems with the performance appraisal system. The process can become a bureaucratic process with managers seeing it as a tick-box exercise to be completed once a year. There could be a lack of understanding of the objectives by the employee, or the organisation may not have a clear strategy and furthermore the process is subjective and open to human bias. It is also very difficult to quantify individual performance such as intangible elements, as mentioned earlier. So it could be argued that the process is not very transparent. To overcome this, Beer et al. introduced the Harvard Model (Gilmore. S, 2009, p. 9) which takes into account a wider range of stakeholders interests to provide an input into the appraisal process which allows the reduction of a bias opinion of just one person. It is stated as reduction, as the process is still subjective and open to a range of perceptual errors although reduced by the way of taking into account feedback from a number of people. The model also considers the situational factors of the organisation allowing better choices to be made when establishing the appropriate reward system, which will inevitable impact on the level of commitment achieved. Is it Fair? There are a number of elements of the performance appraisal that could be argued to be unfair, for example, the relationship an individual has with he manager who measures performance could be seen to be advantageous for some individuals, such as colleagues who have worked together for a number of years and could in fact de-motivate other individuals who don’t have the benefit of this relationship. Therefore, can human bias be taken out of this equation? Ultimately the relationship between a manager and employee comes down to trust, whether the employee believes the y will be treated fairly against other individuals regardless of developed relationships. It has also been suggested that PRP may discriminate unfairly against women, as primarily, it is male managers that measure performance, therefore they tend to reward performance characterized by male values (Gilmore. S, 2009, p. 183) creating a pay gap between men and women. Total Rewards There is more to keeping a workforce motivated and committed than just PRP. It is clear that it is more than just financial reward that influences the behaviour of employees in the public sector. Employees are looking for other benefits such as flexible working, contributing to a work-life balance are seen to hold value over having a high-powered career that pays well especially in the public sector. Aspects such as the work an individual is involved in provides them with a greater reward and satisfaction than financial benefits, for example a social worker or a nurse will ultimately find the reward in helping others. Total reward is the term that has been adopted to describe a reward strategy that brings additional components such as learning and development, together with aspects of the working environment (CIPD 2009). It addresses the fact that there are intangible benefits, which are intrinsic to individuals that do not have such a direct financial impact on the organisation as financial benefits do. For example, Slough Borough Council have a grapevine newsletter in which recognition of an employee’s contribution in various departments have been highlighted, personal recognition can contribute to the overall performance of an individual providing the sense of feeling valued in what they do. Access to training and development and further opportunities of career development can be a prime consideration for employees when looking for an employer. The total reward concept for an employer means they are able to attract and retain talent, and commitment through understanding the intangible and tangible needs of the person. For the public sector, as financial rewards become more scars the benefits of the total reward system will become evermore important in retaining commitment, loyalty and experience, attracting employees to stay within the sector over the longer term. Is There a Perfect Solution? This discussion has bought to the forefront that implementing a high commitment HRM will not necessary work, nor provide any financial benefit in the public sector. This has identified that an approach of PRP commonly used on the private sector may not be the best fit for the public sector as there is a need to take into account the situation in which the organisation is operating in, the size of the organisation and the success in terms of profitably as this will effect whether there are the financial resources to implement a high commitment HRM. What may work for one company may not work for another. Contingency theory suggests that the business context is crucial in determining reward strategies, and a number of factors are influential (Gilmore. S, 2009, p. 84). How the public sector align their business strategy with their HRM strategy will largely be reflected by current circumstances effecting the sector, such as cost cutting, restructuring, and the shift from a public sector job no longer being seen as a job for life. Therefore the management of a rewards strategy will need to recognise that what is currently seen as a motivator for examp le job security, will change. What drives the success of a reward strategy is that it is closely aligned with continual changes not only within the organisation but also those of the individuals. Conclusion In conclusion, it is recognised that there is no one solution that will suit all organisation. It would be seen that the best fit pay system with the organisation goals and sector would need to be established taking into account factors effecting the environment of the organisation and how equipped it is to providing PRP. This will ultimately affect and underpin the benefit that is received of PRP to both the employee and the employer. Word count: 1680 Reference: 1. CIPD (2010), Performance Related Pay [Online] Available at: cipd. co. uk/subjects/perfmangmt/perfrelpay/prefrelpay. tm [Accessed: 24 October 2010]. 2. Michael Holden (2007), Performance Reviews a ‘Waste of Time’ News. com. au P. 1 [Online] Available at: news. com. au/business/business-smarts/reviews-are-a-waste-of-time/story-e6frfm9r-1111115035598 [Accessed: 20 October 2010]. 3. M W Gilman (1998) Performance Related Pay in the UK, EIROline P. 1 [Online] Available at: eurofound. europa. eu/eiro/1998/03/feat ure/uk9803107f. htm [Accessed: 24 October 2010]. 4. Baker, K (2010) Performance-related pay for the public sector rejected by Personnel Todays Austerity Panel, Personnel Today P. [Online] Available at: personneltoday. com/articles/2010/06/17/55987/performance-related-pay-for-the-public-sector-rejected-by-personnel-todays-austerity. html [Accessed: 20 October 2010]. 5. CIPD (2009) Total Reward [Online] Available at: cipd. co. uk/subjects/pay/general/totrewdqf. htm [Accessed: 24 October 2010]. 6. Marchington, M. Wilkinson, A. (2008) Human Resource Management at Work, London: CIPD 7. Gilmore, S. Williams, S. (2009) Human Resource Management, United States: Oxford University Press Inc